Dwarf Fortress Wiki - User contributions [en]

Talk:Material science

2024-10-31T20:12:05Z

Jose96xd: /* Attack Momentum */

== Attack Momentum ==

Before [http://(https://dwarffortresswiki.org/index.php?title=Material_science&diff=next&oldid=250572) this change] the first two formulas for an average dwarf with a steel battle axe gave the same result of ~93.75, after the change the result for the 2nd formula is 367,968,750. I've checked my math with WolframAlpha [https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=1250+*+1.25+%2F+%2810%5E6+%2F+60000+%2B+10+*+%2860000+%2F+60000%29+%2F+%287850+*+800%29%29 here] (1st formula), [https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=60000+*+1250+*+1.25+%2F+%2810+*+%28100000+%2B+60000+%2F+%287850+*+800%29%29%29 here] (old 2nd), and [https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=60000+*+1250+*+1.25+%2F+%2810+*+%28%28100000+%2B+60000%29+%2F+%287850+*+800%29%29%29 here] (new 2nd). The 3rd formula (added in the same [https://dwarffortresswiki.org/index.php?title=Material_science&diff=next&oldid=227179 edit] as the 2nd) has never quite matched either of the others giving a result of ~92.86, but it's close.

I don't see the point in having the variations, but I also don't hav the technical abilities to verify if any of them are currently correct. [[User:Ziusudra|Ziusudra]] ([[User talk:Ziusudra|talk]]) 07:05, 19 August 2024 (UTC)

== Attack Momentum (new formula, extra conditions and another source for the hard velocity limit of 10000) ==
I have been talking with Putnam recently to try to investigate the bouncing formula more. When talking with her, she ended up sharing some insight on how the momentum calculation works and some modifiers that apply to it. If I understood her correctly, "Momentum = swing_speed x weapon_wheight / 1000 + 1". I think the rest of the formulas come from here, so we may be able to unify or understand the three of them.
I'm going to append here the picture of what she said, so everybody can try to understand it, and because I think there are some modifiers that aren't currently known (or at least not on this wiki page).
[[File:PutnamMomentumExplanation.png|thumb|Screenshot of various discord messages where Putnam explains some of the math behind the swing speed and momentum calculations.]]

If my understanding of her explanation is correct: The hard cap to swing speed velocity of 10000 comes from the cap to swing speed of 5000 (when multiplied by 2 if the skill of the attacker is at least grand master I think), and there are some more swing speed modifiers (currently not mentioned in this article) that could affect the momentum of the attacks. --[[User:Jose96xd|Jose96xd]] ([[User talk:Jose96xd|talk]]) 20:11, 31 October 2024 (UTC)

== Attack Momentum Costs (blunt attacks deflection/bouncing)==
The bouncing/deflecting condition of blunt attacks: (2 * Sw * IYw < A * Da) where Sw is the weapon size, IYw is the weapon (material, I think) impact yield, A the contact area and Da the armor material density, doesn't take into account the weapon material density. I think this is wrong since in game the material density of the weapon affects. For example, in game, Adamantine hammers bounce and steel hammers don't while in this formula Adamantine hammers should have an easier time '''not''' bouncing due to their superior characteristics (steel has 1.5 million IY while Adamantine has 5 million).
I think there is either a missing element in the formula (something related to the momentum perhaps) or there is something I'm not understanding.
[[User:Jose96xd|Jose96xd]] ([[User talk:Jose96xd|talk]]) 08:55, 24 October 2024 (UTC)
:I talked with Putnam in the DF discord (I assume I understood her well, but if anyone else could please check if they understood the same, that would be fantastic). It seems the bouncing condition should use the velocity (or swing velocity) in the math (not the velocity modifier, but velocity, like "momentum=velocity*weight/1000+1"). Translating the formula (since we have the momentum and want the velocity): "velocity = (momentum-1)x1000/(weight)". This makes logical sense and would add the weapon and attacker characteristics to the math. The formula didn't match experimental data for Adamantine (average dwarfs with Adamantine hammers don't penetrate steel armor, while the formula indicated that they would). This mismatch would probably also happen with small creatures (with lower momentum) and with low density materials (i haven't tested light wood). Doing some quick math: using an average dwarf with an adamantine hammer generating 85.7 of momentum, we get a velocity of 1.058. Now, I don't know if my math is wrong, but in theory, that number should do something in the formula to allow us to accurately predict the bouncing. --[[User:Jose96xd|Jose96xd]] ([[User talk:Jose96xd|talk]]) 09:14, 27 October 2024 (UTC)

== Material and item properties ==
There is a claim that states that "a platinum war hammer ... gets about 12% more momentum over a steel one... An adamantine hammer, however, only has 1/7th as much." There is no source for this affirmation, and I think it is wrong.
In the same article, in the "Attack Momentum" section, there is a lot of calculated momentum, and the difference between a steel axe and an adamantine one is 2/3, not 1/7 (68 adamantine vs 92 steel).

Now, the affirmation was for hammers (which, for momentum, are basically half an axe) so I redid the math again, but with hammers. Results: 147 steel vs 85 adamantine. Roughly half, but way more than 1/7 of 174 (21). I think there is something wrong either with the table or with some of the formulas.

(Note: The used formula yields the same values as in the table when using axes, so I think it works fine).
[[User:Jose96xd|Jose96xd]] ([[User talk:Jose96xd|talk]]) 10:04, 24 October 2024 (UTC)

File:PutnamMomentumExplanation.png

2024-10-31T20:05:32Z

Jose96xd:

Putnam explanations on some of the Math behind the swing speed calculations and momentum calculations.

Material science

2024-10-29T15:17:33Z

Jose96xd: /* Contact Area */

{{migrated article}}
{{Quality|Unrated}}
{{av}}
{{Material properties}}

[[Material|Materials]] have a number of properties representing real-world variables that describe how they respond to inputs. In particular, the game has a number of variables that describe what happens to a material when it's put under stress.

==What is stress?==
In the real world, an object is stressed when a force is applied to the object. Depending on the nature of the force applied, this stress can take a number of forms, and the object can respond differently based on its material and how that material handles different stresses.

In the material raws, whenever you see 'yield', 'fracture', or '[[Strain at yield|strain at yield]]', that property is a stress-related quality.

==When does ''Dwarf Fortress'' make stress calculations?==
At present, DF seems to only apply forces during combat, and thus only stresses objects (generally armor and various body layers) at that time.

==There's a lot of stress-related properties, what do they mean?==
The first thing you'll notice is that the second word in each stress variable is one of Yield, Fracture, or strain at yield. These are mechanical performance terms.

The first set of words are things like Impact, Bending, and so forth. These describe modes of applying force.

The following explanations assumes real world physics sort of apply (since [[Main:Toady One|Toady One]] chose real world properties). The game doesn't use all of these properties yet, and may not be applying them according to real world physics.

===Mechanical Performance Properties===
Yield: This is almost certainly 'Yield Strength', which is the amount of stress needed to cause a material to go from elastic deformation (whereby halting stressing causes it to return to its original shape) to plastic deformation (whereby halting stressing causes it to keep its shape). Since most objects only elastically deform over small distances of deformation, high Yield values generally means it takes a lot of force to noticeably 'stretch' them (but see strain at yield).

Fracture: The fracture point is the amount of stress or force necessarily to cause the material to fail, or in other words, to break.

Strain at yield (sometimes incorrectly referred to as 'elasticity'): This variable tells you how much deformation occurs to the material while it is deforming elastically. That is, as long as the force is less than the yield strength, stress * strain at yield = deformation distance. The smaller the strain at yield, the less deformation occurs under stress. Strain is measured as parts-per-100000, meaning that 100000 strain is 100% deformation.

Note: Strain at yield is the inverse of the relevant elastic modulus, thus a highly elastic material has low elastic modulus, and engages in less elastic collisions.

===Modes of Applying Force===
Impact: Force applied by a sudden strike, like a hammer.

Compressive: Force applied by exerting pressure on an object, like trying to squish something between your hands.

Tensile: Force applied by pulling on something, like suspending one object via another. (e.g., if you suspend an [[elf]] from a metal pole, you are applying a tensile force to the pole).

Torsion: Force applied by twisting something. Note that you're twisting some portion of the object relative to itself to cause a torsion stress to be applied to it. (Consider trying to twist a metal rod by grasping at either end and attempting to wring it - yes, you'd have to apply a lot of force to succeed).

Shear: Force applied by pushing part of the material so it tries to slide relative to another part of it. Ie, pushing at the top of an object when the bottom part is fixed to the ground is going to primarily apply a shear stress to it (the top part will try to move in the direction you push, and the lower part will resist this shear stress).

Bending: Force applied by bending a material.

==Effects on Combat==
The ''Dwarf Fortress'' combat system does not use all material properties at present (0.40.05). Weapon and armor damage/wear/decay is implemented.

The formulae below have been reverse-engineered [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=131995.0] [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=142372.0] and experimentally proven [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=116151.0] [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=141364] by several independent researchers. Below are the simplified results; for more details see links above.

===Attack Types===
Both creatures and items can have [ATTACK] tokens. A creature can execute any of its natural attacks plus any attacks of the items it holds.
The attacks marked with [EDGE] flag deliver ''edged'' damage which is governed by [SHEAR_*] tokens; they can be further differentiated by attack contact area: generally concentrated strikes (area of 50 or less) are considered ''stabbing'' while wider areas correspond to ''slashing'' attacks. This distinction shall be emphasized later.

Every other attack is considered ''blunt''. [IMPACT_*] tokens affect blunt combat. Most specialised blunt weapons have small contact area; edged weapons generally also have blunt attacks with larger area values; items or creatures without defined attacks get default blunt attack with area = (size)^(2/3).
Under certain circumstances edged attack can be converted to blunt, but not contrariwise.

Wrestling moves are special: '''breaking bones''' uses [BENDING_*] values, '''pinching''' utilizes [COMPRESSIVE_*] properties, and '''biting''' can deal [TENSILE] or [TORSION] damage depending on whether the attack is edged. Those attacks generally ignore armor.

===Contact Area===
Attack contact area is the minimum of weapon contact area and armor/layer contact area.
Body parts have areas dependent on their size, as with non-weapon items; part size is creature size '''times''' relative size of the part in proportion to whole body.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Body part
! Relative size (human)
! [[Kobold]]
! [[Elf]]/[[Goblin]] 
! [[Human]]
! [[Troll]]
|-
|| Total || 100% || 20000 || 60000 || 70000 || 250000
|-
|| Upper body || 18% || 3599 || 10818 || 12621 || 43133
|-
|| Lower body || 18% || 3599 || 10818 || 12621 || 43133
|-
|| Neck || 1.8% || 359 || 1081 || 1262 || 4313
|-
|| Head || 5.4% || 1079 || 3245 || 3786 || 12939
|-
|| Upper arm || 3.6% || 719 || 2163 || 2524 || 8626
|-
|| Lower arm || 3.6% || 719 || 2163 || 2524 || 8626
|-
|| Hand || 1.4% || 287 || 865 || 1009 || 3450
|-
|| Upper leg || 9.0% || 1799 || 5409 || 6310 || 21566
|-
|| Lower leg || 7.2% || 1439 || 4327 || 5048 || 17253
|-
|| Foot || 2.2% || 431 || 1298 || 1514 || 5175
|}

Armor size is calculated as underlying body part size '''times''' size multiplier where size multiplier is calculated as coverage/100% '''times''' size/100 '''times''' 1+(UPSTEP+UBSTEP+LBSTEP)/4; MAX count as 3 in the last sum.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Item
! Size multiplier
! Body part
! [[Dwarf]]
! [[Human]]
! Extra body parts covered (humanoid)
! Notes
|-
|| Cap || 0.05 || Head || 162 || 189 || none || Cloth
|-
|| Mask || 0.1 || Head || 324 || 378 || none || Cloth
|-
|| Helm || 0.3 || Head || 973 || 1135 || none ||
|-
|| Leather armor || 0.3 || Upper body || 3245 || 3786 || Lower body, neck, upper arms, upper legs || leather
|-
|| Mail shirt || 0.225 || Upper body || 2434 || 2839 || Lower body, neck, upper arms, upper legs || Chain
|-
|| Breastplate || 0.2 || Upper body || 2163 || 2524 || Lower body ||
|-
|| Gauntlets || 0.25 || Hands || 216 || 252 || Lower arms, fingers ||
|-
|| Leggings || 0.2625 || Lower body || 2839 || 3313 || Upper legs, lower legs, toes || Chain
|-
|| Greaves || 0.2625 || Lower body || 2839 || 3313 || Upper legs, lower legs, toes ||
|-
|| Low boots || 0.25 || Feet || 324 || 378 || Toes ||
|-
|| High boots || 0.3125 || Feet || 405 || 473 || Lower legs, toes ||
|}

===Attack Momentum===
DF uses momentum-based combat physics, so the momentum plays a central role in calculations.
Since momentum = velocity * mass, and lighter items can be swung faster, attack momentum is largely independent from weapon weight. The simplified formula is as follows:

M = Str * Vel / ( 106/Size + 10*F/W ),

or

M = Size * Str * Vel / (10 * (( 105 + i_Size)/W )){{verify|see talk page}},

or

M = Size * Str * Vel / (106 * (1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size) )

where:
* '''M''' is the momentum.
* '''Str''' is the creature's strength (e.g. 1250 for the average dwarf)
* '''Vel''' is the weapon's velocity modifier if present (e.g. 1.25x, 2x)
* '''Size''' is the average creature size (e.g. 60000 for dwarves)
* '''i_Size''' is the specific creature's size
* '''F''' is "fatness modifier" (also includes muscle) = i_Size/Size; dwarf with size of 66150 will have F=66150/60000=1.1025
* '''W''' is weapon mass in kilograms (Γ)
* '''w_density''' is the weapon's material's density
* '''w_size''' is the weapon's size.

Or, to sum up:

A stronger, smaller creature from a larger species wielding a more massive weapon hits with more momentum.
A stronger, smaller creature from a larger species wielding a larger, denser weapon hits with more momentum.

For dwarves, the formula becomes

M = 6*104 * Str * Vel / (10 * ( 105 + i_Size/W )) = 6*104 * Str * Vel / ( 105 + i_Size/W )

or

M = 0.06 * Str * Vel / (1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size) )

There are 28 possible sizes for your dwarves from 33750 to 93750; strength can vary from 0 to 5000 with an average of 1250; velocity can vary from 1 (pommel strikes) to 5 (whip lashes); weapon size can vary from 100 (whips) to 1300 (great axes, which are unwieldable by dwarves; the largest wieldable weapon is size 800, in the form of battle axes and maces).

{| class="wikitable" border="border"
|+ Momenta for dwarves of strength 1250 hacking (velocity 1.25) with battle axes (size 800), rounded to 3 decimal places
! Dwarf Size
! Adamantine
! Divine metal
! Steel
! Iron
! Bismuth bronze
! Bronze
! Copper
! Silver
|-
| 33750 || 77.4194 || 89.9550 || 93.2489 || 93.2489 || 93.2730 || 93.2730 || 93.3092 || 93.3745
|-
| 42750 || 73.9827 || 88.9944 || 93.1161 || 93.1161 || 93.1467 || 93.1467 || 93.1923 || 93.2748
|-
| 44100 || 73.4934 || 88.8520 || 93.0963 || 93.0963 || 93.1277 || 93.1277 || 93.1748 || 93.2599
|-
| 45000 || 73.1707 || 88.7574 || 93.0830 || 93.0830 || 93.1151 || 93.1151 || 93.1632 || 93.2500
|-
| 45900 || 72.8509 || 88.6630 || 93.0698 || 93.0698 || 93.1025 || 93.1025 || 93.1515 || 93.2400
|-
| 47250 || 72.3764 || 88.5217 || 93.0499 || 93.0499 || 93.0836 || 93.0836 || 93.1340 || 93.2251
|-
| 54150 || 70.0444 || 87.8066 || 92.9485 || 92.9485 || 92.9871 || 92.9871 || 93.0447 || 93.1489
|-
| 55860 || 69.4895 || 87.6312 || 92.9235 || 92.9235 || 92.9632 || 92.9632 || 93.0226 || 93.1301
|-
| 56250 || 69.3642 || 87.5912 || 92.9177 || 92.9177 || 92.9577 || 92.9577 || 93.0176 || 93.1258
|-
| 57000 || 69.1244 || 87.5146 || 92.9067 || 92.9067 || 92.9473 || 92.9473 || 93.0079 || 93.1175
|-
| 57624 || 68.9262 || 87.4509 || 92.8976 || 92.8976 || 92.9386 || 92.9386 || 92.9999 || 93.1107
|-
| 58140 || 68.7632 || 87.3983 || 92.8900 || 92.8900 || 92.9314 || 92.9314 || 92.9932 || 93.1050
|-
| 58800 || 68.5558 || 87.3312 || 92.8804 || 92.8804 || 92.9221 || 92.9221 || 92.9847 || 93.0977
|-
| 59850 || 68.2283 || 87.2245 || 92.8650 || 92.8650 || 92.9075 || 92.9075 || 92.9711 || 93.0861
|-
| 59976 || 68.1893 || 87.2117 || 92.8631 || 92.8631 || 92.9057 || 92.9057 || 92.9695 || 93.0847
|-
| 60000 || 68.1818 || 87.2093 || 92.8628 || 92.8628 || 92.9054 || 92.9054 || 92.9692 || 93.0845
|-
| 61200 || 67.8119 || 87.0878 || 92.8452 || 92.8452 || 92.8887 || 92.8887 || 92.9537 || 93.0713
|-
| 61740 || 67.6468 || 87.0332 || 92.8373 || 92.8373 || 92.8811 || 92.8811 || 92.9467 || 93.0653
|-
| 62424 || 67.4388 || 86.9642 || 92.8273 || 92.8273 || 92.8716 || 92.8716 || 92.9379 || 93.0578
|-
| 63000 || 67.2646 || 86.9061 || 92.8189 || 92.8189 || 92.8636 || 92.8636 || 92.9305 || 93.0514
|-
| 64260 || 66.8866 || 86.7794 || 92.8004 || 92.8004 || 92.8460 || 92.8460 || 92.9142 || 93.0376
|-
| 66150 || 66.3277 || 86.5901 || 92.7728 || 92.7728 || 92.8197 || 92.8197 || 92.8899 || 93.0168
|-
| 71250 || 64.8649 || 86.0832 || 92.6983 || 92.6983 || 92.7487 || 92.7487 || 92.8242 || 92.9607
|-
| 73500 || 64.2398 || 85.8615 || 92.6655 || 92.6655 || 92.7175 || 92.7175 || 92.7953 || 92.9360
|-
| 75000 || 63.8298 || 85.7143 || 92.6436 || 92.6436 || 92.6966 || 92.6966 || 92.7760 || 92.9196
|-
| 76500 || 63.4249 || 85.5676 || 92.6217 || 92.6217 || 92.6758 || 92.6758 || 92.7567 || 92.9031
|-
| 78750 || 62.8272 || 85.3485 || 92.5890 || 92.5890 || 92.6446 || 92.6446 || 92.7278 || 92.8784
|-
| 93750 || 59.1133 || 83.9161 || 92.3711 || 92.3711 || 92.4370 || 92.4370 || 92.5357 || 92.7143
|}

There is also a hard velocity limit (10000) that might skew these calculations, but it's actually impossible to reach in unmodded game. (Well, okay, if you're a zombie adventurer with maxed out strength you ''might'' reach the limit using an adamantine whip -- but [[stupid dwarf trick|why]]?)

====Situational Modifiers====
Momentum can be further increased with weapon skill, status effects, attack modifiers etc.
For example:
* Skill adds gradual multiplier, up to 2x at Grand Master.
* Quick attacks halve momentum, wild and heavy attacks add 50%.
* Attacking a prone opponent doubles momentum value.

====Ranged Attacks====
Attacks from missile launchers are entirely dependent on the launcher's [SHOOT_FORCE] and [SHOOT_MAXVEL] tags:
{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
!
! SHOOT_FORCE
! SHOOT_MAXVEL
! Maximum Velocity
! Magic Density / Constant Momentum
|-
| Bows and Crossbows || 1000 || 200 || 20 || 1666 / 50
|-
| Blowguns || 100 || 1000 || 100 || 250 / 5
|}

Specifically, as long as projectile is heavy enough, it is fired with a momentum of SHOOT_FORCE/20; if this would make its speed exceed SHOOT_MAXVEL/10, it is capped at this value instead. (As usual, momentum = velocity times weight.) This gives the launcher a magic density above which momentum becomes a constant and velocity decays, shown in the table; below this density, velocity is constant (SHOOT_MAXVEL/10), and momentum decays.

Vanilla [[bolt]]s and [[arrow]]s end up with a momentum of 50 (velocity nearly 20, at density 1667), as long as their density exceeds 1666. [[Divine metal|Divine]] ammo (1.5kg) has momentum 30 (velocity 20), [[bone]] and most [[wood]] (0.75kg) get 15 (velocity 20), and [[adamantine]] bolts (0.3kg) have only 6 (velocity 20). Wooden [[dart]]s (0.1kg) usually have 5 (velocity 50).

====Weapon Traps====
Traps always have a fixed attack velocity of 200, no matter the weapon weight; the momentum thus is 200 times weight. This includes shot ammunition.

===Attack Momentum Costs===
The attack generally needs some momentum threshold to break through each armor/tissue layer.
If the attack is '''edged''', it also can cut through it instead. For latter it has to have momentum no less than:

M >= (rSY + (A+1)*rSF) * (10 + 2*Qa) / (S * Qw),

where:
* '''rSY''' is the ratio of layer's to weapon's SHEAR_YIELD
* '''rSF''' is ditto with SHEAR_FRACTURE
* '''A''' is attack contact area
* '''S''' is weapon material [[edge|sharpness]] multiplier (1x for most metals, 1.2x for [[divine metal]], 1.5x for [[glass]], 2x for [[obsidian]], 10x for [[adamantine]] and 0.1x for all other materials)
* '''Qw''' is [[quality]] sharpness multiplier (0.5x for normal quality, 0.7x for fine, 1x for masterwork (or artifact) etc.)
* '''Qa''' is armor [[quality]] multiplier (same but x3 for artifacts)

Should it exceed this value, attack momentum is decreased by some 5% and the layer is considered punctured/severed. Calculations then repeat for the underlying layer. Otherwise damage is converted to blunt ''just for this layer'' and proceeds as following.

'''Blunt attacks''' can be entirely deflected by armor if weapon's IMPACT_YIELD is especially low relative to armor's density:

2 * Sw * IYw < A * Da,

where '''Da''' is armor material's density (in g/cm3), '''A''' is attack contact area, '''Sw''' is weapon size and '''IYw''' is its impact yield in MPa (i.e. raw value divided by 106).

Otherwise, attack must have minimum momentum of:

M >= (2*IF - IY) * (2 + 0.4*Qa) * A,

where '''IF''' and '''IY''' are layer's impact fracture and impact yield in MPa, '''Qa''' is armor quality multiplier and '''A''' is contact area as above.
Again, on success layer is considered thrashed, momentum is reduced by about 5% and next layer is tested.

If both edged and blunt momenta thresholds haven't been met, attack is ''permanently'' converted to blunt and its momentum may be greatly reduced.
Specifically, it is multiplied by SHEAR_STRAIN_AT_YIELD/50000 for ''edged'' attacks or IMPACT_STRAIN_AT_YIELD/50000 otherwise. I.e., most metals reduce blocked attacks by 98%-99%, but see below. Note that elastic armor, such as a mail shirt, has both strain at yield values raised to 50000, so it multiplies by 1 at this step (i.e. does nothing to the momentum, but does still convert it to blunt) regardless of material.

===Elastic Material Modifiers===
Clothing with [STRUCTURAL_ELASTICITY_*] tokens has its stress properties modified.

Items with [STRUCTURAL_ELASTICITY_CHAIN_ALL] or metallic items with [STRUCTURAL_ELASTICITY_CHAIN_METAL] have their [*_STRAIN_AT_YIELD] increased to 50000, which means that blocked attack will not be dampened; it still may be converted to ''blunt'', however. Metal leggings and chainmail shirts have this property in vanilla.

Items made of cloth with [STRUCTURAL_ELASTICITY_WOVEN_THREAD] additionally have their SHEAR values reduced to negligible 20-30 kPa. ([[Adamantine]] fabric seems to be an exception, however: unlike in v0.34, it's observed to be at least as protective as chain.) Caps and all clothing have this tag in vanilla.

===Penetration Depth===
Penetration depth affect how deep stabs go. Unlike contact area, penetration depth is the maximum shear distance the weapon can go before an edged force stops and converts into a blunt force. If the penetration depth is greater than the size of the struck body part, the body part may be sliced off entirely. This means that weapons like morningstars mainly deal surface damage but can still damage arteries, nerves, tendons, toes, and the like.{{verify}}

===Pulping===
Pulping appears to work by evaluating the layers in a body part. If each layer meets any one of the following criteria then the body part is pulped:
* 100% bruised/burned/frostbite/melt/necrosis/blister/boil/freeze/condense (i.e. 10000+ in layer_effect_fraction)
* 250% dented (i.e. 25000+ in layer_dent_fraction)
* 100% cut (i.e. 10000+ in layer_cut_fraction) (cut in this case is synonymous with fracture)

Spines, skulls, and perhaps other body parts have the [PREVENTS_PARENT_COLLAPSE] token which prevents the parent body part (such as the head, upper body, or lower body) from being pulped until the sub-part is broken. It appears that only external body parts can be pulped, not internal organs. You will find that boneless body parts that don't contain a spine/skull part will pulp VERY easily (i.e. eyes/ears).

There does not appear to be any distinctions between the combat text descriptions of the pulping, beyond the messages being appropriate to the weapon used (edged, blunt, or creature body part).

==Material and item properties==
As can be seen from above, importance of different material/item properties greatly varies in different scenarios. Below are some guidelines to estimating weapon/armor merit.
* When dealing with dwarf-sized targets, layer '''contact areas''' usually lay in 200~10000 range. The majority of vanilla weapons, however, has contact areas either below or above that ([[dagger]] is the lone exception); it therefore can be said, as a rule of thumb, that weapons with area of five or six digits assume their target's contact area, whereas the others use their own.
* Weapon '''weight''' matters very little past a certain threshold: for example, a platinum [[war hammer]] in dwarven hands only gets about 12% more momentum over a steel one, despite being thrice as heavy. (An adamantine hammer, however, only has 1/7th as much.) Thus, since all common weapon metals have about the same density, it can be safely ignored.
** The only exception are ''weapon traps'', which are much more effective with heavy weapons loaded.
* '''Shear yield''' doesn't actually matter. Even with [[dagger]]/[[bolt]]'s contact area of 5 it contributes only ~15% to piercing cost, and since it equals about half of shear fracture for most metals, it can be approximated as such without much error.
* Blunt weapons only use '''impact yield''' value. '''Impact fracture''' ''protects'' from blunt attacks instead. Curiously, layer impact yield actually decreases blunt fracturing cost, so ''lower yield is better'' for armor.
** Most dedicated blunt weapons cannot be deflected by anything but slade, so their impact yield can in fact be ignored.
* Chain mail cannot block attacks via momentum cost thresholds; it still can blunt slashing attacks and then deflect them. Thus, the best defence can be reached by wearing ''dense'' (like [[copper]]) mail shirt under a ''rigid'' (like [[candy]]) one.
* '''Strain at yield''' values are used in comparison to 50000. Since all metals have much less strain values than this, they all can be considered to have ''zero'' elasticity.
* Armor quality doesn't matter much: masterwork armor provides only about 15% more protection than low-quality one.
* Blunt weapon quality appears to not affect damage at all.

With that in mind, here are some numbers for vanilla weapon/armor materials:{{Verify|I could not reproduce the right-hand side of this table}}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Material
!Density
! Impact Yield
! 2*(Impact Fracture) - Impact Yield
! Shear Fracture
! class="unsortable" | Elasticity
! Sharpness
! class="unsortable" |
! Bolt
! adj.
! Sword
! adj.
! Mace
! min M
|-
|| Adamantine || 0.20 || 5.00 || 5.00 || 5.00 || 0 || 10 |||| 6 || 300 || 9 || 450 || 31 || 200
|-
|| Bone/shell || 0.50 || 0.20 || 0.20 || 0.13 || <1% || 0.1 |||| 15 || 0.20 || 19 || 0.25 || 60 || 8
|-
|| Bronze || 8.25 || 0.60 || 1.08 || 0.24 || <=1% || 1 |||| 49 || 12 || 75 || 18 || 138 || 43
|-
|| Copper || 8.93 || 0.25 || 1.30 || 0.22 || <1% || 1 |||| 49 || 11 || 77 || 17 || 138 || 52
|-
|| Divine metal || 1.00 || 1.00 || 3.00 || 2.00 || 0 || 1.2 |||| 30 || 72 || 31 || 74 || 86 || 120
|-
|| Glass || 2.6 || 1.00 || 1.00 || 0.04 || 4%/<1% || 1.5 |||| -- || -- || 53 || 3.2 || 116 || 40
|-
|| Iron || 7.85 || 0.54 || 1.62 || 0.31 || <1% || 1 |||| 49 || 15 || 75 || 23 || 137 || 65
|-
|| Leather || 0.50 || 0.01 || 0.01 || 0.03 || 100% || -- |||| -- || -- || -- || -- || -- || 0.4
|-
|| Obsidian || 2.67 || 1.00 || 1.00 || 0.04 || 4%/<1% || 2 |||| -- || -- || 54 || 4.3 || 117 || 40
|-
|| Platinum || 21.4 || 0.35 || 1.05 || 0.20 || <1% || 1 |||| -- || -- || 86 || 17 || 145 || 42
|-
|| Silver || 10.49 || 0.35 || 0.84 || 0.17 || <1% || 1 |||| 49 || 8.3 || 79 || 13 || 140 || 34
|-
|| Slade || 200 || 4.00 || 6.00 || 5.00 || <1% || 0.1 |||| -- || -- || 93 || 46 || 149 || 240
|-
|| Steel || 7.85 || 1.51 || 3.54 || 0.72 || 2%/<1% || 1 |||| 49 || 35 || 75 || 54 || 137 || 142
|-
|| Wood || 0.50 || 0.01 || 0.01 || 0.04 || 2% || 0.1 |||| 15 || 0.06 || 19 || 0.076 || 60 || 0.4
|}
Clarifications:

On the left side of the table there are some raw values. Density and impact yield are important for a blunt weapon; 4th column is adjusted impact fracture that appears in the formula for blunt defense. Shear fracture is important for edged attacks and defense. Elasticity is in %s of 100000; as you can see, it is universally low.

On the right side there are some typical weapon momenta. From left to right: bolt momentum; ditto multiplied by SF and sharpness (signifies piercing ability); short sword momentum in dwarven hands; ditto multiplied by sharpness and SF; dwarf swinging a mace; and minimum momentum '''some''' mace needs to break through armor of '''this''' material.

{{Category|Materials|*}}

Talk:Material science

2024-10-27T09:14:31Z

Jose96xd: /* Attack Momentum Costs (blunt attacks deflection/bouncing) */

== Attack Momentum ==

Before [http://(https://dwarffortresswiki.org/index.php?title=Material_science&diff=next&oldid=250572) this change] the first two formulas for an average dwarf with a steel battle axe gave the same result of ~93.75, after the change the result for the 2nd formula is 367,968,750. I've checked my math with WolframAlpha [https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=1250+*+1.25+%2F+%2810%5E6+%2F+60000+%2B+10+*+%2860000+%2F+60000%29+%2F+%287850+*+800%29%29 here] (1st formula), [https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=60000+*+1250+*+1.25+%2F+%2810+*+%28100000+%2B+60000+%2F+%287850+*+800%29%29%29 here] (old 2nd), and [https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=60000+*+1250+*+1.25+%2F+%2810+*+%28%28100000+%2B+60000%29+%2F+%287850+*+800%29%29%29 here] (new 2nd). The 3rd formula (added in the same [https://dwarffortresswiki.org/index.php?title=Material_science&diff=next&oldid=227179 edit] as the 2nd) has never quite matched either of the others giving a result of ~92.86, but it's close.

I don't see the point in having the variations, but I also don't hav the technical abilities to verify if any of them are currently correct. [[User:Ziusudra|Ziusudra]] ([[User talk:Ziusudra|talk]]) 07:05, 19 August 2024 (UTC)

== Attack Momentum Costs (blunt attacks deflection/bouncing)==
The bouncing/deflecting condition of blunt attacks: (2 * Sw * IYw < A * Da) where Sw is the weapon size, IYw is the weapon (material, I think) impact yield, A the contact area and Da the armor material density, doesn't take into account the weapon material density. I think this is wrong since in game the material density of the weapon affects. For example, in game, Adamantine hammers bounce and steel hammers don't while in this formula Adamantine hammers should have an easier time '''not''' bouncing due to their superior characteristics (steel has 1.5 million IY while Adamantine has 5 million).
I think there is either a missing element in the formula (something related to the momentum perhaps) or there is something I'm not understanding.
[[User:Jose96xd|Jose96xd]] ([[User talk:Jose96xd|talk]]) 08:55, 24 October 2024 (UTC)
:I talked with Putnam in the DF discord (I assume I understood her well, but if anyone else could please check if they understood the same, that would be fantastic). It seems the bouncing condition should use the velocity (or swing velocity) in the math (not the velocity modifier, but velocity, like "momentum=velocity*weight/1000+1"). Translating the formula (since we have the momentum and want the velocity): "velocity = (momentum-1)x1000/(weight)". This makes logical sense and would add the weapon and attacker characteristics to the math. The formula didn't match experimental data for Adamantine (average dwarfs with Adamantine hammers don't penetrate steel armor, while the formula indicated that they would). This mismatch would probably also happen with small creatures (with lower momentum) and with low density materials (i haven't tested light wood). Doing some quick math: using an average dwarf with an adamantine hammer generating 85.7 of momentum, we get a velocity of 1.058. Now, I don't know if my math is wrong, but in theory, that number should do something in the formula to allow us to accurately predict the bouncing. --[[User:Jose96xd|Jose96xd]] ([[User talk:Jose96xd|talk]]) 09:14, 27 October 2024 (UTC)

== Material and item properties ==
There is a claim that states that "a platinum war hammer ... gets about 12% more momentum over a steel one... An adamantine hammer, however, only has 1/7th as much." There is no source for this affirmation, and I think it is wrong.
In the same article, in the "Attack Momentum" section, there is a lot of calculated momentum, and the difference between a steel axe and an adamantine one is 2/3, not 1/7 (68 adamantine vs 92 steel).

Now, the affirmation was for hammers (which, for momentum, are basically half an axe) so I redid the math again, but with hammers. Results: 147 steel vs 85 adamantine. Roughly half, but way more than 1/7 of 174 (21). I think there is something wrong either with the table or with some of the formulas.

(Note: The used formula yields the same values as in the table when using axes, so I think it works fine).
[[User:Jose96xd|Jose96xd]] ([[User talk:Jose96xd|talk]]) 10:04, 24 October 2024 (UTC)

Talk:Weapon

2024-10-25T13:09:38Z

Jose96xd: /* Quality and its effects */

== Quality and its effects ==
In the section [[Weapon#Quality_and_strange_moods|Quality and strange moods]] it is mentioned that quality affects sharpness (base quality has "50%" sharpness, for example). I can't find any source for that, and it's a bit confusing. Later, on the [[Weapon#Combat_formulae|Combat formulae]] section, that sharpness percentage is no longer used. In that section, I interpret that the used value is the raws number (divided by 10.000) and the weapon quality multiplier. If my understanding is correct, then either the sharpness % is not used (in which case I don't know why it would be there) or there is something missing to understand it correctly. --[[User:Jose96xd|Jose96xd]] ([[User talk:Jose96xd|talk]]) 14:10, 24 October 2024 (UTC)
:The "source" for weapon quality affecting sharpness is an analysis of the game's code - all weapons (and ammo, siege ammo, trap components, tools, and small rocks) have a "current_edge" property, and it's initialized to 50-100% of the material's MAX_EDGE based on its quality level. Exactly how that sharpness works into the damage formula, I don't know. --[[User:Quietust|Quietust]] ([[User talk:Quietust|talk]]) 01:53, 25 October 2024 (UTC)
:It's in the second formula as "Sha * w_quality", though it looks to me like the explanation for w_quality should use the percentages instead of the multipliers.[[User:Ziusudra|Ziusudra]] ([[User talk:Ziusudra|talk]]) 02:04, 25 October 2024 (UTC)
:That actually makes sense since the multipliers it mentions currently (x1 base quality, x3 artifact) seem to be about the probability to hit. I have programmed the formulas and can easily change stuff and will try to gather experimental data. --[[User:Jose96xd|Jose96xd]] ([[User talk:Jose96xd|talk]]) 07:41, 25 October 2024 (UTC)
:I have run some tests. With base-quality iron spears, math using the current weapon quality (x1 base quality, x3 artifact) should penetrate steel armor, but it doesn't. If we use the sharp quality multiplier (50% base quality, 100% artifact), the results of the experiments and the math match. I believe that's the proper number to use in the formula. I'm going to change this page and the material science page (since the formula comes from there). If there is any other place that also uses this formula (with the x1, x3 rather than the %) it should be changed too. --[[User:Jose96xd|Jose96xd]] ([[User talk:Jose96xd|talk]]) 10:19, 25 October 2024 (UTC)
::Be careful when changing the formulas - your latest modification actually '''changes the numerical result''', which means it might be incorrect now. --[[User:Quietust|Quietust]] ([[User talk:Quietust|talk]]) 12:52, 25 October 2024 (UTC)
::I don't think I follow. There is no section with numerical results for the edge condition, so I don't know what you mean. The previous formula (or at least my implementation of it) didn't match the experimental results, and it didn't make logical sense for the "hit chance" to be the one multiplying the sharpness of the material (basically, before the sharpness % weren't used anywhere). --[[User:Jose96xd|Jose96xd]] ([[User talk:Jose96xd|talk]]) 13:09, 25 October 2024 (UTC)

Material science

2024-10-25T10:40:30Z

Jose96xd: /* Attack Momentum Costs */ Changed w_quality explanation (the previous numbers where the Weapon To-Hit ones rather than the sharpness multiplier)

{{migrated article}}
{{Quality|Unrated}}
{{av}}
{{Material properties}}

[[Material|Materials]] have a number of properties representing real-world variables that describe how they respond to inputs. In particular, the game has a number of variables that describe what happens to a material when it's put under stress.

==What is stress?==
In the real world, an object is stressed when a force is applied to the object. Depending on the nature of the force applied, this stress can take a number of forms, and the object can respond differently based on its material and how that material handles different stresses.

In the material raws, whenever you see 'yield', 'fracture', or '[[Strain at yield|strain at yield]]', that property is a stress-related quality.

==When does ''Dwarf Fortress'' make stress calculations?==
At present, DF seems to only apply forces during combat, and thus only stresses objects (generally armor and various body layers) at that time.

==There's a lot of stress-related properties, what do they mean?==
The first thing you'll notice is that the second word in each stress variable is one of Yield, Fracture, or strain at yield. These are mechanical performance terms.

The first set of words are things like Impact, Bending, and so forth. These describe modes of applying force.

The following explanations assumes real world physics sort of apply (since [[Main:Toady One|Toady One]] chose real world properties). The game doesn't use all of these properties yet, and may not be applying them according to real world physics.

===Mechanical Performance Properties===
Yield: This is almost certainly 'Yield Strength', which is the amount of stress needed to cause a material to go from elastic deformation (whereby halting stressing causes it to return to its original shape) to plastic deformation (whereby halting stressing causes it to keep its shape). Since most objects only elastically deform over small distances of deformation, high Yield values generally means it takes a lot of force to noticeably 'stretch' them (but see strain at yield).

Fracture: The fracture point is the amount of stress or force necessarily to cause the material to fail, or in other words, to break.

Strain at yield (sometimes incorrectly referred to as 'elasticity'): This variable tells you how much deformation occurs to the material while it is deforming elastically. That is, as long as the force is less than the yield strength, stress * strain at yield = deformation distance. The smaller the strain at yield, the less deformation occurs under stress. Strain is measured as parts-per-100000, meaning that 100000 strain is 100% deformation.

Note: Strain at yield is the inverse of the relevant elastic modulus, thus a highly elastic material has low elastic modulus, and engages in less elastic collisions.

===Modes of Applying Force===
Impact: Force applied by a sudden strike, like a hammer.

Compressive: Force applied by exerting pressure on an object, like trying to squish something between your hands.

Tensile: Force applied by pulling on something, like suspending one object via another. (e.g., if you suspend an [[elf]] from a metal pole, you are applying a tensile force to the pole).

Torsion: Force applied by twisting something. Note that you're twisting some portion of the object relative to itself to cause a torsion stress to be applied to it. (Consider trying to twist a metal rod by grasping at either end and attempting to wring it - yes, you'd have to apply a lot of force to succeed).

Shear: Force applied by pushing part of the material so it tries to slide relative to another part of it. Ie, pushing at the top of an object when the bottom part is fixed to the ground is going to primarily apply a shear stress to it (the top part will try to move in the direction you push, and the lower part will resist this shear stress).

Bending: Force applied by bending a material.

==Effects on Combat==
The ''Dwarf Fortress'' combat system does not use all material properties at present (0.40.05). Weapon and armor damage/wear/decay is implemented.

The formulae below have been reverse-engineered [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=131995.0] [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=142372.0] and experimentally proven [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=116151.0] [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=141364] by several independent researchers. Below are the simplified results; for more details see links above.

===Attack Types===
Both creatures and items can have [ATTACK] tokens. A creature can execute any of its natural attacks plus any attacks of the items it holds.
The attacks marked with [EDGE] flag deliver ''edged'' damage which is governed by [SHEAR_*] tokens; they can be further differentiated by attack contact area: generally concentrated strikes (area of 50 or less) are considered ''stabbing'' while wider areas correspond to ''slashing'' attacks. This distinction shall be emphasized later.

Every other attack is considered ''blunt''. [IMPACT_*] tokens affect blunt combat. Most specialised blunt weapons have small contact area; edged weapons generally also have blunt attacks with larger area values; items or creatures without defined attacks get default blunt attack with area = (size)^(2/3).
Under certain circumstances edged attack can be converted to blunt, but not contrariwise.

Wrestling moves are special: '''breaking bones''' uses [BENDING_*] values, '''pinching''' utilizes [COMPRESSIVE_*] properties, and '''biting''' can deal [TENSILE] or [TORSION] damage depending on whether the attack is edged. Those attacks generally ignore armor.

===Contact Area===
Attack contact area is the minimum of weapon contact area and armor/layer contact area.
Body parts have areas dependent on their size, as with non-weapon items; part size is creature size '''times''' relative size of the part in proportion to whole body.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Body part
! Relative size (human)
! [[Kobold]]
! [[Elf]]/[[Goblin]] 
! [[Human]]
! [[Troll]]
|-
|| Total || 100% || 20000 || 60000 || 70000 || 250000
|-
|| Upper body || 18% || 3599 || 10818 || 12621 || 43133
|-
|| Lower body || 18% || 3599 || 10818 || 12621 || 43133
|-
|| Neck || 1.8% || 359 || 1081 || 1262 || 4313
|-
|| Head || 5.4% || 1079 || 3245 || 3786 || 12939
|-
|| Upper arm || 3.6% || 719 || 2163 || 2524 || 8626
|-
|| Lower arm || 3.6% || 719 || 2163 || 2524 || 8626
|-
|| Hand || 1.4% || 287 || 865 || 1009 || 3450
|-
|| Upper leg || 9.0% || 1799 || 5409 || 6310 || 21566
|-
|| Lower leg || 7.2% || 1439 || 4327 || 5048 || 17253
|-
|| Foot || 2.2% || 431 || 1298 || 1514 || 5175
|}

Armor size is calculated as underlying body part size '''times''' coverage/100% '''times''' size/100 '''times''' 1+(UPSTEP+UBSTEP+LBSTEP)/4; MAX count as 3 in the last sum.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Item
! Size multiplier
! Body part
! [[Dwarf]]
! [[Human]]
! Extra body parts covered (humanoid)
! Notes
|-
|| Cap || 0.05 || Head || 162 || 189 || none || Cloth
|-
|| Mask || 0.1 || Head || 324 || 378 || none || Cloth
|-
|| Helm || 0.3 || Head || 973 || 1135 || none ||
|-
|| Leather armor || 0.3 || Upper body || 3245 || 3786 || Lower body, neck, upper arms, upper legs || leather
|-
|| Mail shirt || 0.225 || Upper body || 2434 || 2839 || Lower body, neck, upper arms, upper legs || Chain
|-
|| Breastplate || 0.2 || Upper body || 2163 || 2524 || Lower body ||
|-
|| Gauntlets || 0.25 || Hands || 216 || 252 || Lower arms, fingers ||
|-
|| Leggings || 0.2625 || Lower body || 2839 || 3313 || Upper legs, lower legs, toes || Chain
|-
|| Greaves || 0.2625 || Lower body || 2839 || 3313 || Upper legs, lower legs, toes ||
|-
|| Low boots || 0.25 || Feet || 324 || 378 || Toes ||
|-
|| High boots || 0.3125 || Feet || 405 || 473 || Lower legs, toes ||
|}

===Attack Momentum===
DF uses momentum-based combat physics, so the momentum plays a central role in calculations.
Since momentum = velocity * mass, and lighter items can be swung faster, attack momentum is largely independent from weapon weight. The simplified formula is as follows:

M = Str * Vel / ( 106/Size + 10*F/W ),

or

M = Size * Str * Vel / (10 * (( 105 + i_Size)/W )){{verify|see talk page}},

or

M = Size * Str * Vel / (106 * (1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size) )

where:
* '''M''' is the momentum.
* '''Str''' is the creature's strength (e.g. 1250 for the average dwarf)
* '''Vel''' is the weapon's velocity modifier if present (e.g. 1.25x, 2x)
* '''Size''' is the average creature size (e.g. 60000 for dwarves)
* '''i_Size''' is the specific creature's size
* '''F''' is "fatness modifier" (also includes muscle) = i_Size/Size; dwarf with size of 66150 will have F=66150/60000=1.1025
* '''W''' is weapon mass in kilograms (Γ)
* '''w_density''' is the weapon's material's density
* '''w_size''' is the weapon's size.

Or, to sum up:

A stronger, smaller creature from a larger species wielding a more massive weapon hits with more momentum.
A stronger, smaller creature from a larger species wielding a larger, denser weapon hits with more momentum.

For dwarves, the formula becomes

M = 6*104 * Str * Vel / (10 * ( 105 + i_Size/W )) = 6*104 * Str * Vel / ( 105 + i_Size/W )

or

M = 0.06 * Str * Vel / (1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size) )

There are 28 possible sizes for your dwarves from 33750 to 93750; strength can vary from 0 to 5000 with an average of 1250; velocity can vary from 1 (pommel strikes) to 5 (whip lashes); weapon size can vary from 100 (whips) to 1300 (great axes, which are unwieldable by dwarves; the largest wieldable weapon is size 800, in the form of battle axes and maces).

{| class="wikitable" border="border"
|+ Momenta for dwarves of strength 1250 hacking (velocity 1.25) with battle axes (size 800), rounded to 3 decimal places
! Dwarf Size
! Adamantine
! Divine metal
! Steel
! Iron
! Bismuth bronze
! Bronze
! Copper
! Silver
|-
| 33750 || 77.4194 || 89.9550 || 93.2489 || 93.2489 || 93.2730 || 93.2730 || 93.3092 || 93.3745
|-
| 42750 || 73.9827 || 88.9944 || 93.1161 || 93.1161 || 93.1467 || 93.1467 || 93.1923 || 93.2748
|-
| 44100 || 73.4934 || 88.8520 || 93.0963 || 93.0963 || 93.1277 || 93.1277 || 93.1748 || 93.2599
|-
| 45000 || 73.1707 || 88.7574 || 93.0830 || 93.0830 || 93.1151 || 93.1151 || 93.1632 || 93.2500
|-
| 45900 || 72.8509 || 88.6630 || 93.0698 || 93.0698 || 93.1025 || 93.1025 || 93.1515 || 93.2400
|-
| 47250 || 72.3764 || 88.5217 || 93.0499 || 93.0499 || 93.0836 || 93.0836 || 93.1340 || 93.2251
|-
| 54150 || 70.0444 || 87.8066 || 92.9485 || 92.9485 || 92.9871 || 92.9871 || 93.0447 || 93.1489
|-
| 55860 || 69.4895 || 87.6312 || 92.9235 || 92.9235 || 92.9632 || 92.9632 || 93.0226 || 93.1301
|-
| 56250 || 69.3642 || 87.5912 || 92.9177 || 92.9177 || 92.9577 || 92.9577 || 93.0176 || 93.1258
|-
| 57000 || 69.1244 || 87.5146 || 92.9067 || 92.9067 || 92.9473 || 92.9473 || 93.0079 || 93.1175
|-
| 57624 || 68.9262 || 87.4509 || 92.8976 || 92.8976 || 92.9386 || 92.9386 || 92.9999 || 93.1107
|-
| 58140 || 68.7632 || 87.3983 || 92.8900 || 92.8900 || 92.9314 || 92.9314 || 92.9932 || 93.1050
|-
| 58800 || 68.5558 || 87.3312 || 92.8804 || 92.8804 || 92.9221 || 92.9221 || 92.9847 || 93.0977
|-
| 59850 || 68.2283 || 87.2245 || 92.8650 || 92.8650 || 92.9075 || 92.9075 || 92.9711 || 93.0861
|-
| 59976 || 68.1893 || 87.2117 || 92.8631 || 92.8631 || 92.9057 || 92.9057 || 92.9695 || 93.0847
|-
| 60000 || 68.1818 || 87.2093 || 92.8628 || 92.8628 || 92.9054 || 92.9054 || 92.9692 || 93.0845
|-
| 61200 || 67.8119 || 87.0878 || 92.8452 || 92.8452 || 92.8887 || 92.8887 || 92.9537 || 93.0713
|-
| 61740 || 67.6468 || 87.0332 || 92.8373 || 92.8373 || 92.8811 || 92.8811 || 92.9467 || 93.0653
|-
| 62424 || 67.4388 || 86.9642 || 92.8273 || 92.8273 || 92.8716 || 92.8716 || 92.9379 || 93.0578
|-
| 63000 || 67.2646 || 86.9061 || 92.8189 || 92.8189 || 92.8636 || 92.8636 || 92.9305 || 93.0514
|-
| 64260 || 66.8866 || 86.7794 || 92.8004 || 92.8004 || 92.8460 || 92.8460 || 92.9142 || 93.0376
|-
| 66150 || 66.3277 || 86.5901 || 92.7728 || 92.7728 || 92.8197 || 92.8197 || 92.8899 || 93.0168
|-
| 71250 || 64.8649 || 86.0832 || 92.6983 || 92.6983 || 92.7487 || 92.7487 || 92.8242 || 92.9607
|-
| 73500 || 64.2398 || 85.8615 || 92.6655 || 92.6655 || 92.7175 || 92.7175 || 92.7953 || 92.9360
|-
| 75000 || 63.8298 || 85.7143 || 92.6436 || 92.6436 || 92.6966 || 92.6966 || 92.7760 || 92.9196
|-
| 76500 || 63.4249 || 85.5676 || 92.6217 || 92.6217 || 92.6758 || 92.6758 || 92.7567 || 92.9031
|-
| 78750 || 62.8272 || 85.3485 || 92.5890 || 92.5890 || 92.6446 || 92.6446 || 92.7278 || 92.8784
|-
| 93750 || 59.1133 || 83.9161 || 92.3711 || 92.3711 || 92.4370 || 92.4370 || 92.5357 || 92.7143
|}

There is also a hard velocity limit (10000) that might skew these calculations, but it's actually impossible to reach in unmodded game. (Well, okay, if you're a zombie adventurer with maxed out strength you ''might'' reach the limit using an adamantine whip -- but [[stupid dwarf trick|why]]?)

====Situational Modifiers====
Momentum can be further increased with weapon skill, status effects, attack modifiers etc.
For example:
* Skill adds gradual multiplier, up to 2x at Grand Master.
* Quick attacks halve momentum, wild and heavy attacks add 50%.
* Attacking a prone opponent doubles momentum value.

====Ranged Attacks====
Attacks from missile launchers are entirely dependent on the launcher's [SHOOT_FORCE] and [SHOOT_MAXVEL] tags:
{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
!
! SHOOT_FORCE
! SHOOT_MAXVEL
! Maximum Velocity
! Magic Density / Constant Momentum
|-
| Bows and Crossbows || 1000 || 200 || 20 || 1666 / 50
|-
| Blowguns || 100 || 1000 || 100 || 250 / 5
|}

Specifically, as long as projectile is heavy enough, it is fired with a momentum of SHOOT_FORCE/20; if this would make its speed exceed SHOOT_MAXVEL/10, it is capped at this value instead. (As usual, momentum = velocity times weight.) This gives the launcher a magic density above which momentum becomes a constant and velocity decays, shown in the table; below this density, velocity is constant (SHOOT_MAXVEL/10), and momentum decays.

Vanilla [[bolt]]s and [[arrow]]s end up with a momentum of 50 (velocity nearly 20, at density 1667), as long as their density exceeds 1666. [[Divine metal|Divine]] ammo (1.5kg) has momentum 30 (velocity 20), [[bone]] and most [[wood]] (0.75kg) get 15 (velocity 20), and [[adamantine]] bolts (0.3kg) have only 6 (velocity 20). Wooden [[dart]]s (0.1kg) usually have 5 (velocity 50).

====Weapon Traps====
Traps always have a fixed attack velocity of 200, no matter the weapon weight; the momentum thus is 200 times weight. This includes shot ammunition.

===Attack Momentum Costs===
The attack generally needs some momentum threshold to break through each armor/tissue layer.
If the attack is '''edged''', it also can cut through it instead. For latter it has to have momentum no less than:

M >= (rSY + (A+1)*rSF) * (10 + 2*Qa) / (S * Qw),

where:
* '''rSY''' is the ratio of layer's to weapon's SHEAR_YIELD
* '''rSF''' is ditto with SHEAR_FRACTURE
* '''A''' is attack contact area
* '''S''' is weapon material [[edge|sharpness]] multiplier (1x for most metals, 1.2x for [[divine metal]], 1.5x for [[glass]], 2x for [[obsidian]], 10x for [[adamantine]] and 0.1x for all other materials)
* '''Qw''' is [[quality]] sharpness multiplier (0.5x for normal quality, 0.7x for fine, 1x for masterwork (or artifact) etc.)
* '''Qa''' is armor [[quality]] multiplier (same but x3 for artifacts)

Should it exceed this value, attack momentum is decreased by some 5% and the layer is considered punctured/severed. Calculations then repeat for the underlying layer. Otherwise damage is converted to blunt ''just for this layer'' and proceeds as following.

'''Blunt attacks''' can be entirely deflected by armor if weapon's IMPACT_YIELD is especially low relative to armor's density:

2 * Sw * IYw < A * Da,

where '''Da''' is armor material's density (in g/cm3), '''A''' is attack contact area, '''Sw''' is weapon size and '''IYw''' is its impact yield in MPa (i.e. raw value divided by 106).

Otherwise, attack must have minimum momentum of:

M >= (2*IF - IY) * (2 + 0.4*Qa) * A,

where '''IF''' and '''IY''' are layer's impact fracture and impact yield in MPa, '''Qa''' is armor quality multiplier and '''A''' is contact area as above.
Again, on success layer is considered thrashed, momentum is reduced by about 5% and next layer is tested.

If both edged and blunt momenta thresholds haven't been met, attack is ''permanently'' converted to blunt and its momentum may be greatly reduced.
Specifically, it is multiplied by SHEAR_STRAIN_AT_YIELD/50000 for ''edged'' attacks or IMPACT_STRAIN_AT_YIELD/50000 otherwise. I.e., most metals reduce blocked attacks by 98%-99%, but see below. Note that elastic armor, such as a mail shirt, has both strain at yield values raised to 50000, so it multiplies by 1 at this step (i.e. does nothing to the momentum, but does still convert it to blunt) regardless of material.

===Elastic Material Modifiers===
Clothing with [STRUCTURAL_ELASTICITY_*] tokens has its stress properties modified.

Items with [STRUCTURAL_ELASTICITY_CHAIN_ALL] or metallic items with [STRUCTURAL_ELASTICITY_CHAIN_METAL] have their [*_STRAIN_AT_YIELD] increased to 50000, which means that blocked attack will not be dampened; it still may be converted to ''blunt'', however. Metal leggings and chainmail shirts have this property in vanilla.

Items made of cloth with [STRUCTURAL_ELASTICITY_WOVEN_THREAD] additionally have their SHEAR values reduced to negligible 20-30 kPa. ([[Adamantine]] fabric seems to be an exception, however: unlike in v0.34, it's observed to be at least as protective as chain.) Caps and all clothing have this tag in vanilla.

===Penetration Depth===
Penetration depth affect how deep stabs go. Unlike contact area, penetration depth is the maximum shear distance the weapon can go before an edged force stops and converts into a blunt force. If the penetration depth is greater than the size of the struck body part, the body part may be sliced off entirely. This means that weapons like morningstars mainly deal surface damage but can still damage arteries, nerves, tendons, toes, and the like.{{verify}}

===Pulping===
Pulping appears to work by evaluating the layers in a body part. If each layer meets any one of the following criteria then the body part is pulped:
* 100% bruised/burned/frostbite/melt/necrosis/blister/boil/freeze/condense (i.e. 10000+ in layer_effect_fraction)
* 250% dented (i.e. 25000+ in layer_dent_fraction)
* 100% cut (i.e. 10000+ in layer_cut_fraction) (cut in this case is synonymous with fracture)

Spines, skulls, and perhaps other body parts have the [PREVENTS_PARENT_COLLAPSE] token which prevents the parent body part (such as the head, upper body, or lower body) from being pulped until the sub-part is broken. It appears that only external body parts can be pulped, not internal organs. You will find that boneless body parts that don't contain a spine/skull part will pulp VERY easily (i.e. eyes/ears).

There does not appear to be any distinctions between the combat text descriptions of the pulping, beyond the messages being appropriate to the weapon used (edged, blunt, or creature body part).

==Material and item properties==
As can be seen from above, importance of different material/item properties greatly varies in different scenarios. Below are some guidelines to estimating weapon/armor merit.
* When dealing with dwarf-sized targets, layer '''contact areas''' usually lay in 200~10000 range. The majority of vanilla weapons, however, has contact areas either below or above that ([[dagger]] is the lone exception); it therefore can be said, as a rule of thumb, that weapons with area of five or six digits assume their target's contact area, whereas the others use their own.
* Weapon '''weight''' matters very little past a certain threshold: for example, a platinum [[war hammer]] in dwarven hands only gets about 12% more momentum over a steel one, despite being thrice as heavy. (An adamantine hammer, however, only has 1/7th as much.) Thus, since all common weapon metals have about the same density, it can be safely ignored.
** The only exception are ''weapon traps'', which are much more effective with heavy weapons loaded.
* '''Shear yield''' doesn't actually matter. Even with [[dagger]]/[[bolt]]'s contact area of 5 it contributes only ~15% to piercing cost, and since it equals about half of shear fracture for most metals, it can be approximated as such without much error.
* Blunt weapons only use '''impact yield''' value. '''Impact fracture''' ''protects'' from blunt attacks instead. Curiously, layer impact yield actually decreases blunt fracturing cost, so ''lower yield is better'' for armor.
** Most dedicated blunt weapons cannot be deflected by anything but slade, so their impact yield can in fact be ignored.
* Chain mail cannot block attacks via momentum cost thresholds; it still can blunt slashing attacks and then deflect them. Thus, the best defence can be reached by wearing ''dense'' (like [[copper]]) mail shirt under a ''rigid'' (like [[candy]]) one.
* '''Strain at yield''' values are used in comparison to 50000. Since all metals have much less strain values than this, they all can be considered to have ''zero'' elasticity.
* Armor quality doesn't matter much: masterwork armor provides only about 15% more protection than low-quality one.
* Blunt weapon quality appears to not affect damage at all.

With that in mind, here are some numbers for vanilla weapon/armor materials:{{Verify|I could not reproduce the right-hand side of this table}}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Material
!Density
! Impact Yield
! 2*(Impact Fracture) - Impact Yield
! Shear Fracture
! class="unsortable" | Elasticity
! Sharpness
! class="unsortable" |
! Bolt
! adj.
! Sword
! adj.
! Mace
! min M
|-
|| Adamantine || 0.20 || 5.00 || 5.00 || 5.00 || 0 || 10 |||| 6 || 300 || 9 || 450 || 31 || 200
|-
|| Bone/shell || 0.50 || 0.20 || 0.20 || 0.13 || <1% || 0.1 |||| 15 || 0.20 || 19 || 0.25 || 60 || 8
|-
|| Bronze || 8.25 || 0.60 || 1.08 || 0.24 || <=1% || 1 |||| 49 || 12 || 75 || 18 || 138 || 43
|-
|| Copper || 8.93 || 0.25 || 1.30 || 0.22 || <1% || 1 |||| 49 || 11 || 77 || 17 || 138 || 52
|-
|| Divine metal || 1.00 || 1.00 || 3.00 || 2.00 || 0 || 1.2 |||| 30 || 72 || 31 || 74 || 86 || 120
|-
|| Glass || 2.6 || 1.00 || 1.00 || 0.04 || 4%/<1% || 1.5 |||| -- || -- || 53 || 3.2 || 116 || 40
|-
|| Iron || 7.85 || 0.54 || 1.62 || 0.31 || <1% || 1 |||| 49 || 15 || 75 || 23 || 137 || 65
|-
|| Leather || 0.50 || 0.01 || 0.01 || 0.03 || 100% || -- |||| -- || -- || -- || -- || -- || 0.4
|-
|| Obsidian || 2.67 || 1.00 || 1.00 || 0.04 || 4%/<1% || 2 |||| -- || -- || 54 || 4.3 || 117 || 40
|-
|| Platinum || 21.4 || 0.35 || 1.05 || 0.20 || <1% || 1 |||| -- || -- || 86 || 17 || 145 || 42
|-
|| Silver || 10.49 || 0.35 || 0.84 || 0.17 || <1% || 1 |||| 49 || 8.3 || 79 || 13 || 140 || 34
|-
|| Slade || 200 || 4.00 || 6.00 || 5.00 || <1% || 0.1 |||| -- || -- || 93 || 46 || 149 || 240
|-
|| Steel || 7.85 || 1.51 || 3.54 || 0.72 || 2%/<1% || 1 |||| 49 || 35 || 75 || 54 || 137 || 142
|-
|| Wood || 0.50 || 0.01 || 0.01 || 0.04 || 2% || 0.1 |||| 15 || 0.06 || 19 || 0.076 || 60 || 0.4
|}
Clarifications:

On the left side of the table there are some raw values. Density and impact yield are important for a blunt weapon; 4th column is adjusted impact fracture that appears in the formula for blunt defense. Shear fracture is important for edged attacks and defense. Elasticity is in %s of 100000; as you can see, it is universally low.

On the right side there are some typical weapon momenta. From left to right: bolt momentum; ditto multiplied by SF and sharpness (signifies piercing ability); short sword momentum in dwarven hands; ditto multiplied by sharpness and SF; dwarf swinging a mace; and minimum momentum '''some''' mace needs to break through armor of '''this''' material.

{{Category|Materials|*}}

Weapon

2024-10-25T10:28:19Z

Jose96xd: /* Combat formulae */ Changed w_quality explanation

{{av}}
:''This page deals entirely with manufactured weapons. For natural weapons, see [[Natural weapon]].''
[[File:weapons_sprites_preview.png|right]]A '''weapon''', in the sense described on this page, is any [[item]] specifically designed to be wielded in [[combat]] against others. In [[fortress mode]], weapons can be made at a [[metalsmith's forge]] (all metal weapons, including [[crossbow]]s, and [[bolt]]s in stacks of 25) using a single bar of metal*, a [[bowyer's workshop]] ([[wood|wooden]] and [[bone]] crossbows and bolts in stacks of 25 or 5 respectively) with a single [[log]] or [[bone]], or at a [[craftsdwarf's workshop]] (obsidian short swords* only) with one stone of obsidian plus one log.

: (* No "wooden handle" is required for most non-wooden weapons. The unique [[obsidian]] option for [[short sword]]s is the sole exception to this. Any metal weapons, including short swords made from metal, need no wood for their production.)
Graphically, each weapon's color palette will change according to the material used to make them, though this is currently the case with only dwarves. With [[kobold]]s, [[human]]s and [[goblin]]s, all wielded weapons will appear as steel-made. A slight exception to this is [[elf|elven]] "grown" wood weapons.

Many creatures with a humanoid form ([[giant]], [[magma man|magma men]], [[animal people]], etc.), or even some non-humanoid creatures with hands can also wield weapons, which can be seen in the items tab after clicking on a creature, although their sprite will not reflect this. This is because only dwarves, humans, elves, goblins and kobolds currently have dedicated sprites to resemble what they're wearing and wielding.

== Basics ==
=== Native vs. foreign ===
In fortress mode, weapons can be split into two categories: those that you can produce, and those that you can't. [[Weaponsmith]]s can produce seven types of native weapons at a [[metalsmith's forge]], but there are also fourteen foreign weapons that can be found in the hands of enemy combatants, or bought from trading caravans (note, however, that due to bugs, several foreign weapons currently are effectively unusable by dwarves). These may use skills your dwarves are unfamiliar with, it is impossible to buy them in bulk, and they are of variable quality and material. Like all weapons, they tend to be expensive as trade goods, and may be worth using if you can secure a high-quality specimen (see [[#Quality and strange moods|Quality]] below). Since they are common for other nations, it is important to understand their properties when you have to fight enemies wielding them.

=== Types of weapons ===
{{main|Attack types}}
Mechanically, all weapon attacks are separated into "edge" and "blunt" types, although these can be further split into four practical categories:
*Slashing
*Piercing
*Crushing
*Ranged

(Weapons that are native to dwarven culture, that dwarves can create for themselves, are listed first, with ''foreign weapons'', types that must be looted off dead enemies or traded for, listed in parentheses and italics. Dwarves can use many types of foreign weapons, but finding a good-[[quality]] one is rare.)

====Slashing weapons====
* [[battle axe]]s, [[short sword]]s ''(also [[scimitar]]s, [[scourge]]s, [[great axe]]s, [[halberd]]s, [[long sword]]s and [[two-handed sword]]s)''

These work by concentrating their force along a sharp edge, allowing them to cut gashes in or to completely sever body parts. Severing is most likely when the body part's thickness is smaller than the weapon's contact edge. They make the quickest work of unarmored opponents who are not tremendously large. They are far less effective against armored targets, however, as armor will usually prevent the cutting, converting strikes into weaker blunt damage. An advantage of severing parts is that they cannot be targetted again, allowing dwarves to better focus on more vital parts.

'''Short swords''' are, generally speaking, less effective than axes. Although categorized as a "slashing" weapon, analysis of combat statistics shows that short swords also deliver piercing and bludgeoning blows (the latter from the butt-end of the handle). However, they do all of these less effectively than other weapons in those categories, making them the "Jack of all trades, master of none" weapon. However, if going against heavily armored opponents, they do have that occasional piercing attack as an advantage over axes, if only that. Also, if [[obsidian]] is available (along with spare wood), obsidian short swords can be produced outside of the usual metal industry chain of production.

====Crushing weapons====
* [[war hammer]]s, [[mace]]s, training weapon attacks (see below), melee attacks with [[crossbow]]s ''(also [[flail]]s, [[maul]]s, [[whip]]s)''

Also known as "blunt" or "bludgeoning" weapons, these work by concentrating their force behind a tiny, blunt point, (notably, war hammers have half the contact area of spears), smashing right through armor and breaking bones beneath their blows. As broken bones cause extreme pain, living creatures that can feel it will often "give in" to it and fall unconscious very quickly. Attacks against such helpless targets will always result in perfectly accurate and perfectly square strikes to the head, which will usually cause fatal brain injury. Nevertheless, blunt weapons are still slower to kill unarmored enemies than slashing weapons are.

====Piercing weapons====
* [[spear]]s, [[pick]]s, [[crossbow]] bolts ''(also [[dagger]]s, [[Pike (weapon)|pikes]], [[morningstar]], [[arrow]]s and [[blowdart]]s)''

These work by concentrating their force at a point, allowing them to punch through armor and damage internal organs. They often get stuck in the opponent, forcing their wielder to spend valuable time pulling the weapon back out between uses.

====Ranged weapons====
* [[crossbow]]s ''(also [[bow]]s and [[blowgun]]s)''

These are effectively lightweight piercing weapons which work from a distance. When opponents engage the user in melee, the users are then forced to wield these weapons as melee weapons. Bows and crossbows both do extremely bad blunt damage over a contact area 100 times as wide as a war hammer, meaning it's far less likely for them to get through armor than such weapons.

====Training weapons====

There exists one more umbrella category of weapon: the so-called "'''training weapon'''". Training weapons are wooden, and are made at a [[carpenter's workshop]]. Training axes, spears, and short swords can be constructed in fortress mode. They all do blunt impact damage, but only a tiny amount due to the poor [[material science|material properties]] of wood for a combat weapon. While every weapon is actually safe to use in [[Training|sparring]], the primary purpose of training weapons in fortress mode is to allow your dwarves to start training before you have a working metal industry. They can also be used during live combat exercises (beating upon a disarmed goblin, etc.) to extend the training session's length. Finally, they may be issued to the guards to reduce the lethality of a [[justice|criminal beating]].

=== Weapon skill ===
{{main|Combat skill#Weapon skill}}
Every type of weapon has its own associated [[military]] [[skill]]. The higher a dwarf is in his skill with a weapon, the better he will be able to use it in combat, connecting hammer blows to more advantageous sweet spots and sending spears right through enemy hearts and lungs with greater accuracy. The higher the weapon skill, the better at fighting the dwarf will be.

Once a dwarf has reached "Great" skill in a certain weapon, they become '''[weapon] lords''' for that specific weapon. They are listed as such on the [[status]] screen, will love fighting, and will no longer complain about long patrol duties. Weapon skill is trained in fighting enemies in combat, demonstrations, and combat drills, but if you leave your dwarves shield-less, a [[danger room]] will train their skill very, very quickly. Note that this does not quite work for marksdwarves - danger rooming ranged weapons increases their melee skill, increasing their hammerdwarf skill, although [[Cross-training|this may be the point]].

=== Attachment ===
A dwarf that has used a particular weapon for a long time will grow [[Attachment|attached]] to it, equipping it whenever their uniform allows them to. This is fine if they are wielding a ☼steel mace☼, but a major problem if they are wielding what is meant to be a training weapon (be it a wooden axe or a copper spear). You can avoid this pitfall by not using training weapons and not forging weapons until you have real weaponsmithing underway. These events generate [[announcement]]s. If a dwarf does become attached, you can easily force him to relinquish the weapon by assigning a 'specific weapon' instead in his equipment view.

In addition, dwarves that reach a certain number or level of kills, or train long enough with a weapon, will name it. This prompts a major announcement. The weapon in question may have no kills associated with it (legendary dwarves occasionally name their weapons while training with them). Once named, the weapon will appear in the artifact list, albeit in blue. It is unknown if named weapons perform better than unnamed weapons. Dwarves may also become attached to shields and name them in the same way.

=== Quality and strange moods ===
The [[quality]] of a weapon has a significant impact on its combat performance, as well as its [[value]].

{{:Item quality/Table}}

Weaponsmithing is a [[moodable]] profession, which means that you can get [[artifact]] weapons. Artifact weapons have a 3x combat bonus and can be made out of a wide range of materials; ordinarily a [[hippo]] [[bone]] spear is impossible, but a moody dwarf can create one with a stack of hippo bone. Artifact weapons made of totally inappropriate materials are inferior to regular ones made of weapons-grade metal, although the exact balance is still under discussion. As with other moodable skills, a dwarf who creates an artifact using the weaponsmith skill stands a [[DF2014:Strange_mood#Skills_and_workshops|high chance]] of becoming a legendary weaponsmith.

=== Weapons as tools ===
[[Hunter]]s use crossbows, [[wood cutter]]s use [[battle axe]]s, and [[miner]]s use [[pick]]s. They must be in possession of these items to do their jobs, and it's as simple as that.

Hunters gain [[marksdwarf]] skill from hunting, but wood cutters do not gain [[axedwarf]] weapon skill from cutting trees. Miners gain [[mining]] skill, which is not considered a military skill, but is used as a weapon skill when fighting with a pick. A dwarf using a weapon as a tool will not use the same tool as a military weapon, instead dropping their tool to pick up another for military use.{{bug|1451}} Dwarves may carry only one weapon as a tool at a time; for example, woodcutters/hunters will drop their axes then go and pick up crossbows every time they begin hunting.

=== Ammunition ===
:''Main article: [[Ammunition]]''

[[Crossbow]]s and other ranged weapons require [[ammunition]] (in the case of the crossbow, [[bolt]]s). This ammunition is carried in a [[quiver]] in packs of about 25, and when they run out they will switch to using their ranged weapons as crude hammers. It's often a good idea to try to get them to retreat once they run out of ammo — crossbows are meant for shooting, not bashing.

=== Secondary weapons ===
Although it sounds like a cool idea, equipping a marksdwarf with a backup short sword "just in case" doesn't often work, as dwarves are just as quick to run up to their foes and start bashing them with a crossbow as they are to draw their swords and do it properly.

=== "Best" weapon choices ===
To put it simply, the combat system behind ''Dwarf Fortress'' is ''very'' complicated. It's not just a question of ''"What is the weapon with the biggest number?"'' - no such thing here. If you want technical specifics, that's addressed in the bottom half of this article (and elsewhere), but for now, from both study of the formulae and observed behavior, there are some patterns for what weapons seem to work "best" against certain targets, and what don't, and (basically) why.

''Dwarf Fortress'' combat is rarely "one-shot", nor is it a long process of whittling away a huge pile of "hit points" (which do not exist in DF). Your best tactic is to try to quickly cripple or stun an opponent, so that you can then deliver a killing blow against a (momentarily) defenseless target, and then move on to the next opponent. The recommended weapons are chosen with this in mind.

==== Superior metal rule ====
As a general rule, if a weapon slashes or pierces, it wants to be made from a "better" metal than the [[armor]] it's trying to penetrate. If it is, it goes through more easily; if it is equal, it has some problems, and if it's inferior, it has some real problems. That does '''not''' mean that a copper spear can't hurt a superior-metal-clad target - just understand that the odds drop compared to weapons of equal metal, and, similarly, superior weapons start to ignore armor of inferior metal.

Also, note that this effectively works in steps - copper is weak against bronze/iron targets, but feeble against steel.

(Note: In this section, if 2 metals are equivalent to each other, they will be placed together in parentheses for ease of comparison.)

* [[steel]], the clear best*
* ([[bronze]] or [[iron]]), very respectable, roughly equivalent** to each other
* [[copper]], a distant third
* [[silver]], a ''very'' distant last (included only because silver is listed to make slashing/piercing weapons)

: (* There is also [[adamantine]], which is late game only, in a different league from the rest. That is not the subject of a "basic" discussion.)
: (** There are some "X weapon vs Y armor" situations where iron is slightly better, but a couple where bronze is actually better than iron - but each is a very specific case. "Roughly equivalent" is a good rule of thumb.)

Ranged attacks (for dwarves, [[crossbow]]s, but also bows and arrows for enemies) are also piercing, and suffer even more from the "superior metal" rule, especially since everything except adamantine has essentially equal density when it comes to bolts due to their max velocity and force. It can be very disheartening to see all those cheap bolts bounce off their armored targets when it matters most.

==== vs. unarmored ====
This includes most wild [[animal]]s, [[siege]]-mounts, [[thief|thieves]], [[kobold]]s, etc. Leather/bone armor helps against animal attacks, not against metal weapons.

It may also include some [[semi-megabeast]]s and [[megabeast]]s, depending on specifics.

* recommended weapon: any sharp weapon

Most unarmored creatures are biological beings much larger than dwarf, a situation where spear excels at reaching the vitals. Axes have 60% the penetration and swords 40% of the penetration of spears, but much larger areas, which leads to much more bleeding and more chance of pulping. In theory, all edged weapons follow the "superior metal" rule, but, against unarmored targets, skin and bone will always lose to ''any'' edged metal weapon - even silver! (However, see "vs. undead", below.)

Blunt weapons can break bones, which stuns the target and allows a killing blow, but removing a limb is obviously better. War hammers break bones more easily than maces, causing pain, though maces achieve total pulping blows sooner. However, unless you're facing small enemies even the best blunt weapon is going to lose to the worst sharp weapon.

Crossbows can hit a vital organ, knee or guts if lucky, but otherwise are slow to cripple and may get off only 2-3 shots before melee combat begins. They are, however, excellent for chasing down fleeing targets, making them ideal against various thieves/wildlife.

And the bonus lesson here is... armor your military.

==== vs. [[armor]]ed ====

Usually showing up only during a [[siege]] or [[ambush]]. [[Quality]] has a significant effect, but copper chain pieces have much less stopping power than bronze/iron plate pieces.

* recommended weapon: steel spear
* other choices: any steel sharp weapon, any warhammer or pick

Your typical goblin or human sieges will never have steel. Even when undead have it, the coverage is only partial.

Steel spears are the only edged weapon that can consistently pierce armor. Unless held by an extremely strong dwarf or made of adamantine, a sword will have difficulty getting through a breastplate, and an axe '''never''' will.

Steel swords have biggest variety of attacks, allowing them to both stab organs and remove limbs. Picks have the velocity of a blunt weapon with the edge of a sharp weapon, giving them extra punch. Functionally, having "superior metal" will make the battle much like removing enemy armor.

(Note also that piercing weapons have a chance to get stuck in an opponent, which can lead to [[wrestling]] to get the weapon out, or to apply more punishment.)

Blunt weapons work on flexible chain just as well as against an unarmored opponent, and can deform solid armor (which is everything "not chain") to land a killing blow. Warhammers are superior to maces in penetrating solid, "non-chain" armor and breaking bones.

Slashing weapons really suffer here, and especially so against non-chain targets. It's critical that they be superior metal if you want any chance of them having much reliable effect against heavy armor. A lucky blow can still take a limb, but often slashing blows just do little more than anger the target, even with steel.

Crossbows suffer doubly from superior metal issues against chain, and it only gets worse against plate [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=160814.msg7192083#msg7192083 3]

==== vs. [[undead]] ====

* recommended weapon: mace or war hammer if you want to have a single corpse, axe if you want efficiency.
* other choices: sword will do a fine job.

u/MrNorrelDoesHisPart:

"Maces did indeed perform the best in terms of creating the smallest number of additional reanimated opponents. They always scored perfectly and thus don’t have a margin of error. Axes produced the largest number of additional reanimated opponents, and spears produced relatively few reanimated body parts...(However) Axes and spears tie for fastest and maces come a distant third. Although it is true that an axe is much messier than a mace, it seems that an axe’s greater killing ability more than compensates for this problem. Maces thus appear to be the best choice when cleanliness is a priority but the worst choice when combat efficiency is important."

*Newest Dwarven [https://www.reddit.com/r/dwarffortress/comments/11bh54h/combat_science_iii_fighting_the_undead/ !!Science!!] shows that while axe create a messy pile of reanimated corpse, the axe generally takes only 1/3 the time to kill all the reanimated bits. Therefore without considering the extra hauling labor, battle axe is the superior solution to reanimated corpse.

War hammers can be preferable to maces when fighting living enemies that you don't want to resurrect. Killing a living enemy with a war hammer will usually result in a mangled corpse just like in the case of maces, but a war hammer will deal more damage due to its superior ability to penetrate outer layers and damage internal organs and bones, as well as better ability to stun enemies. An axe can still kill unarmored living creatures faster, but it will cut off limbs and head which can later resurrect. Resurrected body parts are often easy to kill, even for unarmed dwarves (although sometimes they are significantly stronger, such as a resurrected neck killing multiple dwarves), but can generate job cancellation spam and unhappy thoughts from being attacked by the dead. Also, resurrected body parts may need to be killed many times before they are mangled, even when using maces or war hammers.

==== vs. Undead megabeast and other large fleshy creatures ====

** recommended weapon if has access to steel: large army with steel spears.
** recommended weapon if has access to adamantine: adamantine axe.
** unrecomended weapon: anything inferior than steel.

The result varies between axe, spear and sword. When a squad of 4 armored dwarves fight an undead cyclops with metal inferior to adamantine, only the ones armed with steel spears have a chance of winning. The squads with axe, mace and sword stand no fighting chance.

With an adamantine weapon, however, axe and sword outperforms spear. Even one grandmaster axedwarf with an adamantine axe stands a chance to defeat the undead cyclops.

==== vs. others ====
This category consists of the rare "not like anything else" creature, the type you get when you breach the [[cavern]]s or [[magma]] (or deeper), or once your fortress is large enough to get their attention.

* recommended weapon: (varies)
* other choices: any steel axe (depending), crossbow (from behind fortifications), whip

There are many different types here, and no one approach works for all. Some are merely gigantic but (more or less) "normal", but many are non-organic, and most enjoy the "[[No Pain|don't feel pain]]" tag, including [[titan]]s, [[forgotten beast]]s, [[bronze colossus]]es, [[Iron man|iron men]], and [[HFS|hidden fun stuff]]. Many of these enemies ''have'' no internal organs while being huge, weakening the effectiveness of pain and pierce. Some are still flesh and blood, and they're functionally like unarmored wildlife, but some are made from some material that may be very difficult to slash at.* In the worst case of being made of steel, it leaves chipping away at the target until they collapse from cumulative damage, which means either penetrating a LOT of armor (warhammer or ideally whip) or breaking everything (mace). Some few megabeasts are metal (e.g. [[bronze colossus]]), and the "superior metal" rule goes ''strongly'' in effect there - use steel sharp weapons for them, though whip would be best if you don't have those.

(* although a forgotten beast made of, for instance, "mud" is laughably easy to kill)

Ranged attacks are useful for taking care of the ones who are unapproachable themselves while being incredibly fragile. And at the very least, you're at less risk when raining down bolts from above, even if it won't do much damage.

==== Final verdict ====
Now, all that said, overall, if you had to choose one "least worst" weapon, it would probably have to be... the steel short sword. It has no true counters, no enemy it cannot ever defeat - while axes falls to iron men and copper armor and maces/hammers/spears falls to big creatures. If you cannot get steel, a second option would be the goblin-made whip, which is still somewhat effective against bronze colossuses and big beasts, and maces and hammers will always be effective no matter what they're made of.

Outside that, for edged/piercing weapons (axe, spear, bolts, and sword) against unarmored (and non-"unusual" targets) any metal will be overpowered, easily cutting/chopping/piercing all equally. Soft targets aside, make edged/piercing weapons out of the best metal you can (steel > iron > bronze > copper > silver) for use against armor, if/when you meet that. Crushing weapons (in order: hammer, mace, and crossbow in melee) can be any metal, with silver or steel each ''slightly'' preferable. If you want to add megabeasts into the consideration, go with steel to be safe, for any weapon type.

= Technical =
From here down, there are tables of values pulled from the raws, some technical analyses, a few statistical observations, and some solid and speculative inferences and conclusions.

Insert obligatory "math warning" here.

== Weapons ==
=== Native weapons ===
{| class="wikitable" border="border"
! Type
! Graphic
! Size
! Attack
! [[Attack type]]
! Contact Area
! Penetration
! Velocity
! Skill Used
! Hands Used
! [[Weaponsmith|Metal]]
! [[Bowyer|Wood]]
! [[Bowyer|Bone]]
! [[Stone crafter|Obsidian]]
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| [[battle axe|Battle Axe]]
|rowspan="3"| [[File:battle_axe_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 800
| Hack || Edge || 40000 || 6000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Axe
|rowspan="3"| one
|rowspan="3"| Yes
|rowspan="3"| No
|rowspan="3"| No
|rowspan="3"| No
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 40000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|-
| [[Crossbow]] (Melee)
| [[File:crossbow_sprite.png]]
| 400
| Bash || Blunt || 10000 || (4000) || 1.25×
| Hammer
| two
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
| No
|-
| [[Mace]]
| [[File:mace_sprite.png]]
| 800
| Bash || Blunt || 20 || (200) || 2.0×
| Mace
| one
| Yes
| No
| No
| No
|-
| [[Pick]] (foreign)
| [[File:pickaxe_sprite.png]]
| 500
| Strike || Edge || 100 || 4000 || 2.0×
| Mining
| one
| Yes
| No
| No
| No
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="4"| [[short sword|Short Sword]]
|rowspan="4"| [[File:short_sword_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="4"| 300
| Slash || Edge || 20000 || 4000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="4"| Sword
|rowspan="4"| one
|rowspan="4"| Yes
|rowspan="4"| No
|rowspan="4"| No
|rowspan="4"| Yes
|-
| Stab || Edge || 50 || 2000 || 1.0×
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 20000 || (4000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="2"| [[Spear]]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:spear_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="2"| 400
| Stab || Edge || 20 || 10000 || 1.0×
|rowspan="2"| Spear
|rowspan="2"| one
|rowspan="2"| Yes
|rowspan="2"| No
|rowspan="2"| No
|rowspan="2"| No
|-
| Shaft bash || Blunt || 10000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|-
| [[war hammer|War Hammer]]
| [[File:war_hammer_sprite.png]]
| 400
| Bash || Blunt || 10 || (200) || 2.0×
| Hammer
| one
| Yes
| No
| No
| No
|}

Note that although the [[pick]] is a foreign weapon, it can be produced by dwarves and is therefore considered native.{{bug|680}}

=== Details ===
*If you find your dwarves wearing more than one weapon – or any unwanted [[armor]], for that matter – one way to get rid of them is to dump the weapon from their {{k|v}}-{{k|i}} inventory screen. This does not always work, as they might re-equip the item. Another option is to remove any weapons and/or shields listed on their military equip screen. This too does not always work. At least "left-handedness" seems to not pose a problem. If you cancel the work by {{k|v}}-{{k|p}} and selecting a job that needs a tool they will sometimes put it back in the pile. Example: Miners use picks, cancel their mining job and they will put the pick away AFTER you ordered it to be dumped.
* Using weapons is much more effective than unarmed combat – an untrained swordsdwarf with an [[iron]] weapon can defeat a grand master [[wrestler]], provided neither is wearing armor. Larger weapons tend to do more damage due to the [[Material science#Attack Momentum|momentum formula]]
* The size for a weapon is its volume in cm3.
* Attacks of type EDGE will either slice or pierce their target, depending on the contact area and penetration depth, while BLUNT attacks tend to damage internal organs without necessarily causing significant damage to outer layers.
* The contact area represents the area of contact of the weapon, and the penetration determines how deep the attack goes (and is apparently ignored entirely for BLUNT attacks – indicated by numbers in parentheses). The game does not distinguish between "piercing" and "slashing" attacks, despite this page using those terms often--the only difference is that piercing weapons have small contact area and slashing ones have large contact area. Penetration tends to be the same between either, but large contact area makes it much more difficult for weapons to get through armor--armor that a spear can barely pierce would require '''400 times''' as much momentum for an axe to pierce.
* The velocity is a direct multiplier on the attack's [[Material science#Attack Momentum|momentum]] - for example, war hammers have a 2x velocity multiplier, presumably to model the fact that the hammer's mass is concentrated at the tip which, when combined with a long handle, permits swinging it harder than a weapon whose mass is evenly distributed (such as a sword).
* Crossbows can be made of metal, wood, and bone. Metal crossbows are made by a [[weaponsmith]] at a [[forge]], while wood and bone crossbows are made by a [[bowyer]] at a [[bowyer's workshop]]. The material of a crossbow does not affect its firing ability, only its melee damage. A dwarf's marksmanship skill is only affected by the core [[item quality|quality]] of the bow. This may be a consideration when deciding which dwarf you want outfitting your marksdwarves: a [[experience|legendary]] bowyer is a better choice than a proficient weaponsmith.
* Dwarves will never select a pick for a weapon if allowed "individual choice." You must specify picks as part of their uniform, or on the individual equip screen, if you wish to utilize them as weapons.

=== Training weapons ===
All [[training weapon]]s must be made of [[wood]] at the [[carpenter's workshop]].

{| class="wikitable" border="border"
|-
! Type
! Graphic
! Size
! Attack
! [[Attack type]]
! Contact Area
! Penetration
! Velocity
! Skill Used
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| Training Axe
|rowspan="3"| [[File:training_axe_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 800
| Hack || Blunt || 30000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Axe
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 30000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="4"| Training Sword
|rowspan="4"| [[File:training_sword_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="4"| 300
| Slash || Blunt || 20000 || (4000) || 1.25×
|rowspan="4"| Sword
|-
| Stab || Blunt || 50 || (2000) || 1.0×
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 20000 || (4000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="2"| Training Spear
|rowspan="2"| [[File:training_spear_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="2"| 400
| Stab || Blunt || 200 || (10000) || 1.0×
|rowspan="2"| Spear
|-
| Shaft bash || Blunt || 10000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|}

=== Foreign weapons ===
Using any multi-grasp weapon in a single hand (i.e. with a shield in the other hand) gives you a disability to hit - do not equip two-handed swords with a shield, for instance. '''The game will not stop you from doing this''', so be wary about it.

In adventurer mode, however, if your character passes the one-handed check for single-handing a multi-grasp weapon, it is possible to wield a two-handed sword, or any multi-grasp weapon, in one hand without penalty (allowing for the simultaneous use of a shield). For example, if you create a human character, and manage to spawn into a world with a "broad body" or a "tall body" in the character description, you will be able to single-hand any multi-grasp weapon (and will be forced to, much like you are forced to single-hand any single-grasp weapon), which allows for the simultaneous, disability-free use of a shield, thus making your damage and defensive capabilities much higher than they would be with a single-grasp weapon and shield. Note that upping Strength to Superior (and eventually Superhuman) will make all attacks more likely to deal extra damage, making cutting off the limbs of your enemies much easier.

{| class="wikitable" border="border"
|-
! Type
! Graphic
! Size
! Attack
! [[Attack type]]
! Contact Area
! Penetration
! Velocity
! Skill Used
! Used by
! Hands Used (average human)
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="4"| [[Two-handed sword]]
|rowspan="4"| [[File:two_handed_sword_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="4"| 900
| Slash || Edge || 100000 || 8000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="4"| Sword
|rowspan="4"| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="4"| Multi-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 50 || 4000 || 1.0×
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 100000 || (8000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
| [[Blowgun]] (Melee)
| [[File:blowgun_sprite.png]]
| 150
| Bash || Blunt || 10000 || (4000) || 1.25×
| Sword
| Subterranean [[animal people]]
| Single-grasp
|- valign="top"
| [[Bow]] (Melee)
| [[File:bow_sprite.png]]
| 300
| Bash || Blunt || 10000 || (4000) || 1.25×
| Sword
| [[Elf]], [[Goblin]], [[Human]], [[Kobold]]
| Single-grasp
|- valign="top"
| [[Flail]]
| [[File:flail_sprite.png]]
| 500
| Bash || Blunt || 200 || (4000) || 2.5×
| Mace
| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
| Single-grasp
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| [[great axe|Great Axe]]
|rowspan="3"| [[File:great_axe_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 1300
| Hack || Edge || 60000 || 8000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Axe
|rowspan="3"| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="3"| Multi-grasp
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 60000 || (8000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| [[Halberd]]
|rowspan="3"| [[File:halberd_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 1200
| Slash || Edge || 20000 || 8000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Axe
|rowspan="3"| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="3"| Multi-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 50 || 2000 || 1.0×
|-
| Shaft bash || Blunt || 20000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| [[Dagger]] (Large)
|rowspan="3"| [[File:dagger_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 200
| Slash || Edge || 1000 || 800 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Dagger
|rowspan="3"| [[Goblin]], [[Kobold]]
|rowspan="3"| Single-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 5 || 1000 || 1.0×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 20 || (600) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="4"| [[long sword|Long Sword]]
|rowspan="4"| [[FIle:long_sword_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="4"| 700
| Slash || Edge || 60000 || 6000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="4"| Sword
|rowspan="4"| [[Elf]], [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="4"| Single-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 50 || 3000 || 1.0×
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 60000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
| [[Maul]]
| [[File:maul_sprite.png]]
| 1300
| Bash || Blunt || 100 || (6000) || 2.0×
| Hammer
| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
| Multi-grasp
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="2"| [[Morningstar]]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:morningstar_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="2"| 500
| Bash || Edge || 10 || 500 || 2.0×
|rowspan="2"| Mace
|rowspan="2"| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="2"| Single-grasp
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 50 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="2"| [[pike (weapon)|Pike]]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:pike_weapon_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="2"| 800
| Stab || Edge || 20 || 12000 || 1.0×
|rowspan="2"| Pike
|rowspan="2"| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="2"| Multigrasp
|-
| Shaft bash || Blunt || 10000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="4"| [[Scimitar]]
|rowspan="4"| [[File:scimitar_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="4"| 300
| Slash || Edge || 20000 || 4000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="4"| Sword
|rowspan="4"| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="4"| Single-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 50 || 2000 || 1.0×
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 20000 || (4000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 50 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
| [[Scourge]]
| [[File:scourge_sprite.png]]
| 300
| Lash || Edge || 10 || 50 || 2.0×
| Whip
| [[Goblin]]
| Single-grasp
|- valign="top"
| [[Whip]]
| [[File:whip_sprite.png]]
| 100
| Lash || Blunt || 1 || (10) || 5.0×
| Whip
| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
| Single-grasp
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| Stone axe
|rowspan="3"|[[File:stone_axe_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 400
| Hack || Edge || 800 || 400 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Axe
|rowspan="3"| Player in [[adventurer mode]]
|rowspan="3"| Single-grasp
|-
| Slap|| Blunt || 800|| 400 || 1.25×
|-
| Strike || Blunt || 20|| 400 || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| Carving knife
|rowspan="3"|[[File:carving_knife_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 150
| Slash || Edge || 800 || 600 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Dagger
|rowspan="3"| Non-warrior NPCs in [[adventurer mode]]
|rowspan="3"| Single-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 4 || 800 || 1.0×
|-
| Strike|| Blunt || 15|| 400 || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| Boning knife
|rowspan="3"|[[File:boning_knife_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 50
| Slash || Edge || 500 || 300 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Dagger
|rowspan="3"| Non-warrior NPCs in [[adventurer mode]]
|rowspan="3"| Single-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 2 || 400 || 1.0×
|-
| Strike|| Blunt || 10 || 200 || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| Slicing knife
|rowspan="3"|[[File:slicing_knife_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 150
| Slash || Edge || 900 || 700|| 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Dagger
|rowspan="3"| Non-warrior NPCs in [[adventurer mode]]
|rowspan="3"| Single-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 3 || 900 || 1.0×
|-
| Strike|| Blunt || 15 || 400 || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| Meat cleaver
|rowspan="3"|[[File:meat_cleaver_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 300
| Hack|| Edge || 800 || 400 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Axe
|rowspan="3"| Non-warrior NPCs in [[adventurer mode]]
|rowspan="3"| Single-grasp
|-
| Clap || Blunt || 800 || 400 || 1.25×
|-
| Strike || Blunt || 20 || 400 || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="2"| Carving fork
|rowspan="2"| [[File:carving_fork_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="2"| 150
| Stab|| Edge || 1 || 100 || 1.25×
|rowspan="2"| Dagger
|rowspan="2"| Non-warrior NPCs in [[adventurer mode]]
|rowspan="2"| Single-grasp
|-
| Strike || Blunt || 15 || 400 || 1.0×
|}

===Special variations===
Some rare entities have their own [[divine equipment|procedurally generated variations]] of weapons. Currently, these weapons are produced by copying the default properties of the "base" weapon, and adding an adjective ("bulky", "large-headed", "branching", etc.) or renaming the weapon altogether ("blade", "curved sword"). Dwarves in [[strange mood]]s which select from all weapons with a certain tag may produce one of these procedurally generated weapons. Since they retain the properties of their base items, these weapons should be as usable as a standard weapon of the base type.

== Size ==

Weapons have a minimum size to use at all, and a minimum size to use one-handed. Adult dwarves vary in size between 33750 and 93750 (average 60000) based on their height and broadness. Unfortunately, this is currently bugged in fortress mode.{{Bug|0005812}} 'One-handed' vs. 'two-handed' checks are performed correctly, but 'can wield' vs. 'can't wield' ignores height and broadness modifiers. So dwarves in fortress mode will never equip two-handed swords, great axes, halberds, mauls, or pikes. Other weapons have a minimum wielding size of less than 60000, and are wielded one-handed if the individual dwarf is large enough. See [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=119068.msg3790913#msg3790913 this] forum post.

The following table shows approximately how many dwarves ''should be'' able to use each weapon one- or two-handed (see [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=101379.msg3029579#msg3029579 this forum post] for details), with all fractional numbers being approximate. While there are seven categories each for height and broadness, the number used is chosen randomly from within each category.

Note that there are other factors (such as fat and muscle mass) affecting dwarf size, and e.g. [[DFHack]] {{k|Alt}}+{{k|I}} will take them into account, but (at least in adventure mode) only base height and broadness appear to determine weapon wieldability.

Additionally, even if a creature is large enough to wield a weapon with one hand/appendage, it is still possible to wield it with both/more through [[Wrestling#Bugs|wrestling]] by first lodging it into a target, then grabbing it with a free hand/appendage, and then pulling it free.

Where the size checking bug affects weapon wielding for dwarves, correct approximate figures are given in brackets.
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="border"
|-
! Type
! Min Size
(Two-Handed)
! Min Size
(One-Handed)
! Dwarves
Can't Wield
! Dwarves Wield
Two-Handed
! Dwarves Wield
One-Handed
|- valign="top"
| [[battle axe|Battle Axe]]
| 42500
| 47500
| 1/49 (0)
| 10/49 (11/49)
| 38/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Crossbow]] (Melee)
| 15000
| 0
| -
| -
| 49/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Mace]]
| 32500
| 37500
| -
| 1/49
| 48/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Pick]]
| 42500
| 47500
| 1/49 (0)
| 10/49 (11/49)
| 38/49
|- valign="top"
| [[short sword|Short Sword]]
| 32500
| 37500
| -
| 1/49
| 48/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Spear]]
| 5000
| 47500
| -
| 11/49
| 38/49
|- valign="top"
| [[war hammer|War Hammer]]
| 32500
| 37500
| -
| 1/49
| 48/49
|- valign="top"
| Training Axe
| 42500
| 47500
| 1/49 (0)
| 10/49 (11/49)
| 38/49
|- valign="top"
| Training Sword
| 32500
| 37500
| -
| 1/49
| 48/49
|- valign="top"
| Training Spear
| 42500
| 47500
| 1/49 (0)
| 10/49 (11/49)
| 38/49
|- valign="top"
| [[two-handed sword|2H Sword]]
| 62500
| 77500
| 32/49 (ALL)
| 14/49 (0)
| 3/49 (0)
|- valign="top"
| [[Blowgun]] (Melee)
| 15000
| 0
| -
| -
| 49/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Bow]] (Melee)
| 15000
| 0
| -
| -
| 49/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Flail]]
| 42500
| 47500
| 1/49 (0)
| 10/49 (11/49)
| 38/49
|- valign="top"
| [[great axe|Great Axe]]
| 62500
| 77500
| 32/49 (ALL)
| 14/49 (0)
| 3/49 (0)
|- valign="top"
| [[Halberd]]
| 62500
| 77500
| 32/49 (ALL)
| 14/49 (0)
| 3/49 (0)
|- valign="top"
| [[Dagger]] (Large)
| 5000
| 27500
| -
| -
| 49/49
|- valign="top"
| [[long sword|Long Sword]]
| 52500
| 57500
| 11/49 (0)
| 7/49 (18/49)
| 31/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Maul]]
| 62500
| 77500
| 32/49 (ALL)
| 14/49 (0)
| 3/49 (0)
|- valign="top"
| [[Morningstar]]
| 32500
| 37500
| -
| 1/49
| 48/49
|- valign="top"
| [[pike (weapon)|Pike]]
| 62500
| 77500
| 32/49 (ALL)
| 14/49 (0)
| 3/49 (0)
|- valign="top"
| [[Scimitar]]
| 32500
| 37500
| -
| 1/49
| 48/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Scourge]]
| 22500
| 27500
| -
| -
| 49/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Whip]]
| 22500
| 27500
| -
| -
| 49/49
|}

==Material==

Weapons and armor (with a few exceptions) can only be forged from weapon-grade metals (adamantine, steel, iron, silver, bronze, bismuth bronze, copper, and divine metal), wood, or bone. The exceptions include obsidian short-swords and items created during a strange mood.

{{v0.31 material metal table head}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Adamantine|color={{Tile|/|3:1}}3:3:1|source=[[Raw adamantine]]|notes= |soliddensity=0.200|mp=25000|val=300|valinc=+50|impactyield=5000|impactfracture=5000|impactelasticity=0|shearyield=5000|shearfracture=5000|shearelasticity=0
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Divine metal|notes= |soliddensity=1.0|val=300|impactyield=1000|impactfracture=2000|impactelasticity=0|shearyield=1000|shearfracture=2000|shearelasticity=0
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Steel|color={{Tile|/|0:1}}0:7:1|source=[[Iron]] + [[Pig iron]] + [[flux]] stone + [[fuel]] '''!'''|notes= |soliddensity=7.85|val=30|valinc=+20|mp=12718|impactyield=1505|impactfracture=2520|impactelasticity=940|shearyield=430|shearfracture=720|shearelasticity=215
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Bismuth bronze|color={{Tile|/|6:1}}6:6:1|source=2 [[Copper]] + 1 [[Tin]] + 1 [[Bismuth]] '''!'''|notes= |soliddensity=8.25|val=6|valinc=+4|mp=11868|impactyield=602|impactfracture=843|impactelasticity=547|shearyield=172|shearfracture=241|shearelasticity=156
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Bronze|color={{Tile|/|6:0}}6:4:0|source=[[Tin]] + [[Copper]]|notes= |soliddensity=8.25|val=5|valinc=+3|mp=11868|impactyield=602|impactfracture=843|impactelasticity=547|shearyield=172|shearfracture=241|shearelasticity=156
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Iron|color={{Tile|/|0:1}}0:7:1|source=[[Hematite]], [[Limonite]], [[Magnetite]]|notes= |soliddensity=7.85|mp=12768|val=10|valinc=+2|impactyield=542|impactfracture=1080|impactelasticity=319|shearyield=155|shearfracture=310|shearelasticity=189
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Copper|color={{Tile|/|6:0}}6:4:0|source=[[Native copper]], [[Malachite]], [[Tetrahedrite]]|notes= |soliddensity=8.93|mp=11952|val=2|valinc=+0, +0, -1*|impactyield=245|impactfracture=770|impactelasticity=175|shearyield=70|shearfracture=220|shearelasticity=145
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Silver|color={{Tile|/|7:1}}7:7:1|source=[[Native silver]], [[Horn silver]], [[Galena]] (50%), [[Tetrahedrite]] (20%) |notes= |soliddensity=10.49|mp=11731|val=10|valinc=+0, +0, +5*, +7*|impactyield=350|impactfracture=595|impactelasticity=350|shearyield=100|shearfracture=170|shearelasticity=333
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Platinum|color={{Tile|/|7:1}}7:7:1|source=[[Native platinum]]|notes= Only available as artifact weapons.|soliddensity=21.4|mp=13182|val=40|valinc=+?, +?, +?, +?|impactyield=350|impactfracture=700|impactelasticity=152|shearyield=100|shearfracture=200|shearelasticity=164
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Bone|color={{Tile|/|7:1}}7:7:1|source=Creatures|notes= |soliddensity=0.50|mp=NONE(burn at 10250)|val=1|valinc=+?, +?, +?, +?|impactyield=200|impactfracture=200|impactelasticity=100|shearyield=115|shearfracture=130|shearelasticity=100
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Wood|color={{Tile|/|6:0}}7:7:1|source=Trees|notes= |soliddensity=0.50|mp=NONE(burn at 10250)|val=1|valinc=+?, +?, +?, +?|impactyield=10|impactfracture=10|impactelasticity=1000|shearyield=40|shearfracture=40|shearelasticity=1000
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Shell|color={{Tile|/|2:0}}7:7:1|source=Creatures|notes= Only available as artifact weapons.|soliddensity=0.50|mp=NONE(burn at 10250)|val=1|valinc=+?, +?, +?, +?|impactyield=200|impactfracture=200|impactelasticity=100|shearyield=115|shearfracture=130|shearelasticity=100
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Leather|color={{Tile|/|2:0}}7:7:1|source=Creatures|notes= Material data added for comparison.|soliddensity=0.50|mp=NONE(burn at 10250)|val=1|valinc=+?, +?, +?, +?|impactyield=10|impactfracture=10|impactelasticity=50000|shearyield=25|shearfracture=25|shearelasticity=50000
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Obsidian|color={{Tile|/|0:1}}7:7:1|source=Lava|notes= Only available for Short Swords.|soliddensity=2.67|mp=13600|val=3|valinc=+0|impactyield=1000|impactfracture=1000|impactelasticity=2222|shearyield=35|shearfracture=35|shearelasticity=114
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Crystal glass|color={{Tile|/|7:1}}7:7:1|source=Sand|notes= Only available as trap components.|soliddensity=2.6|mp=13600|val=10|valinc=+0|impactyield=1000|impactfracture=1000|impactelasticity=2222|shearyield=33|shearfracture=33|shearelasticity=113
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Clear glass|color={{Tile|/|3:0}}7:7:1|source=Sand|notes= Only available as trap components.|soliddensity=2.6|mp=13600|val=5|valinc=+0|impactyield=1000|impactfracture=1000|impactelasticity=2222|shearyield=33|shearfracture=33|shearelasticity=113
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Green glass|color={{Tile|/|2:0}}7:7:1|source=Sand|notes= Only available as trap components.|soliddensity=2.6|mp=13600|val=2|valinc=+0|impactyield=1000|impactfracture=1000|impactelasticity=2222|shearyield=33|shearfracture=33|shearelasticity=113
}}

|}

*''Combat information'' is used internally by the game to determine the combat properties of weapons and armor made from this metal:
**'''Density''': Used in conjunction with other factors - heavier weapons (higher numbers) hit with a bit more force, very light weapons tend to have less penetration. Value shown here is g/cm3, which is the raw value divided by 103
**'''Impact yield''': Used for blunt-force combat; ''higher'' is better for blunt weapons, but ''lower'' is better for armor. This is the raw value divided by 103 (i.e., kPa).
**'''Impact fracture''': Used for blunt-force combat; ''higher'' is better. This is the raw value divided by 103 (i.e., kPa).
**'''Impact elasticity''' (or '''strain at yield'''): Used for blunt-force combat; ''lower'' is better. This is the raw value.
**'''Shear yield''': Used for cutting calculations in combat; ''higher'' is better. This is the raw value divided by 103 (i.e., kPa).
**'''Shear fracture''': Used for cutting calculations in combat; ''higher'' is better. This is the most important indicator of edged strength. This is the raw value divided by 103 (i.e., kPa).
**'''Shear elasticity''' (or '''strain at yield'''): Used for cutting calculations in combat; ''lower'' is better. This is the raw value.

*General Term Explanations (from Wikipedia)
**'''Yield Strength''' - The stress at which material strain changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation, causing it to deform permanently.
**'''Fracture Strength''' - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.
**'''Stress''' - Force per area = F/A
**'''Strain''' - Deformation of a solid due to stress = Stress/Young's Modulus

=== Explanation ===
* '''Yield Strength''' is the amount of stress required to permanently deform (bend) a material (plastic deformation).
* '''Fracture Strength''' is the amount of stress required to permanently break (rupture) a material.
* '''Elasticity''' or '''Strain at yield''' is the amount of deformation (bending) that occurs at the yield point.

=== Implications ===
Yield strength combined with strain at yield can tell what a material will do under stress (be it from a hammer, axe, or arrow); higher yield means that it takes more stress to deform, while lower strain at yield means that it will deform less when stress is applied.

== Combat formulae ==

Penetration is poorly understood, but most of the rest of combat is fairly well understood. Maybe it defines how deep a blade may go through layers of armor and flesh and bones and even cut off limbs. This may explain why it does not apply for blunt attacks that do not go through layers.

First, you need to calculate your weapon's momentum.

Melee Weapon Momentum: M = Skill * Size * Str * Vel / (106 * (1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size) ))
* Dwarf Melee Momentum: M = 0.06 * Str * Vel / (1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size) )
* Quick attacks halve melee momentum, wild and heavy attacks multiply it by 1.5
* Attacking a prone opponent in melee doubles momentum.

Ranged Weapon Momentum: M = (w_density*w_size)/105 * min(105*(SHOOT_FORCE/20)/(w_density*w_size), SHOOT_MAXVEL/10)
* Bow and Crossbow Momentum: M = (w_density*150)/105 * min(105/(w_density*3), 20)
** If 20 is smaller because the ammunition is density 1666 or less, M = w_density*3/100 = w_density*0.03
** If 20 is larger because the ammunition is density 1667 or larger, M = 50
* Blowgun Momentum: M = (w_density*20)/105 * min(105/(w_density*4), 100)
** If 100 is smaller because the ammunition is density 250 or less, M = w_density/50 = w_density*0.02
** If 100 is larger because the ammunition is density 251 or more, M = 5

where:
* '''M''' is the momentum.
* '''Skill''' is a gradual multiplier based on skill level, from 1x base up to 2x at Grand Master.
* '''Str''' is the creature's strength (e.g. 1250 for the average dwarf)
* '''Vel''' is the weapon's velocity modifier if present (e.g. 1.25x, 2x)
* '''Size''' is the average creature size (e.g. 60000 for dwarves)
* '''i_Size''' is the specific creature's size
** Dwarves range from a minimum size of 33750 to a maximum size of 93750, with an average size of 60000.
* '''w_density''' is the weapon's material's density for melee weapons, or the ammunition's density for ranged weapons
* '''w_size''' is the weapon's size for melee weapons, or the ammunition's size for ranged weapons
* '''SHOOT_FORCE''' is the ranged weapon's SHOOT_FORCE constant, which is used to determine its maximum momentum.
* '''SHOOT_MAXVEL''' is the ranged weapon's SHOOT_MAXVEL constant, which is used to determine its maximum velocity, where ammo momentum = ammo mass * ammo velocity.

An edged weapon undergoes the following comparison:

M >= (aSY/wSY + (A+1)*aSF/wSF) * (10 + 2*a_quality) / (Sha * w_quality),

where:
* '''aSY''' is the armor's SHEAR_YIELD, which is based on its material
* '''wSY''' is the weapon's SHEAR_YIELD, which is based on its material
* '''aSF''' is the armor's SHEAR_FRACTURE, which is based on its material
* '''wSF''' is the weapon's SHEAR_FRACTURE, which is based on its material
* '''A''' is attack [[DF2014:Material_science#Contact_Area|contact area]]
* '''Sha''' is weapon material [[edge|sharpness]] multiplier (1x for most metals, 1.2x for [[divine metal]], 1.5x for [[glass]], 2x for [[obsidian]], 10x for [[adamantine]] and 0.1x for all other materials)
* '''w_quality''' is weapon [[quality]] sharpness multiplier (0.5x for normal quality, 0.7x for fine, 1x for masterwork, etc.)
* '''a_quality''' is armor [[quality]] multiplier

Expressed in the above terms,

* 0.06 * Str * Vel / (1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size)) >= (aSY/wSY + (A+1)*aSF/wSF) * (10 + 2*Qa) / (Sha * w_quality)
* 0.06 * Sha * w_quality * Str * Vel / (1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size)) >= (aSY/wSY + (A+1)*aSF/wSF) * (10 + 2*a_quality)
* 0.06 * Sha * w_quality * Str * Vel / ((1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size)) * (10 + 2*a_quality)) >= aSY/wSY + (A+1)*aSF/wSF

Because Shear Yield and Shear Fracture are always within a power of 10 of each other for actually available materials, but the smallest possible A value is 20 (a blowgun dart, which is smaller than the smallest item of clothing/armor a dwarf can wear), this means that in practice, Shear Fracture is significantly more important than Shear Yield, and you can reliably compare weapons and armor without paying attention to Shear Yield. In both cases, higher is better on both weapons and armor, as is quality. Sharpness only matters to the weapon, and smaller contact area is better for the attacker.

If the test is passed, attack momentum is decreased by some 5% and the layer is considered punctured/severed, and the process continues to the next layer, including working through layers of the defender's body. If the test is failed, the attack becomes blunt for this layer.

If the attack is blunt, either due to starting off blunt or due to failing the above test, it is then subjected to this test:

2 * w_size * wIY > A * a_density

where:
* '''a_density''' is the armor material's density
* '''wIY''' is the weapon's impact yield in MPa (i.e. raw value divided by 106). {{verify}}

Failure means the attack bounces off, meaning denser, larger armor resists blunt attacks better, but larger blunt weapons with smaller contact areas and higher impact yields get through armor better. This also means adamantine armor is some of the worst in the game at outright deflecting attacks, due to its poor density, but this is not typically relevant, as impact yields are typically at least 10 times larger than density values for the actual metals available, so this step is routinely passed by most weapons regardless of relative materials.

On success, the following test is applied:

M >= (2*aIF - aIY) * (2 + 0.4*a_quality) * A,

where:
* '''aIF''' is the armor's impact fracture in MPa (i.e. raw value divided by 106)
* '''aIY''' is the armor's impact yield in MPa (i.e. raw value divided by 106).

Note that the armor wants as high impact fracture as possible to make this test fail. The armor also wants low impact yield, although the weapon's impact fracture does not matter, and high quality and high contact area.

On a success, attack momentum is decreased by some 5% and the layer is considered punctured/severed, and the process continues to the next layer, including working through layers of the defender's body. If the attack was edged, it becomes edged again. On a failure, the momentum is multiplied by SHEAR_STRAIN_AT_YIELD/50000 for edged attacks or IMPACT_STRAIN_AT_YIELD/50000 for blunt attacks, then it becomes *permanently* blunt, and is passed on to the next layer. This means most rigid metal armor will reduce blocked attacks by 98%-99%, but elastic armor, such as a mail shirt, has both strain at yield values raised to 50000, so it multiplies by 1 at this step (i.e. does nothing to the momentum, but does still convert it to blunt) regardless of material.

== Combat testing ==
In regards to edged weaponry: [[adamantine]] and [[steel]] take first and a distant second place respectively, with [[iron]] a slightly less distant third best material in the game, nearly matched by the [[bronze]]s. Beyond that is [[copper]], the second worst material, and [[silver]] is the worst weapon material available (and due to the existence of training weapons, not even useful in that regard).

Additionally, with regards to blunt weapons, almost all of the non-adamantine materials perform equally well, with a very slight edge towards steel and silver. Here is the thread with the details: [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=53571.0].

Keep in mind with how unbelievably complicated this system is very little should be taken as word of law yet.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Best
! Better
! Good
! Fair
! Poor
! Terrible
! Notes
|-
| Armor
| Adamantine
| Steel
| Iron
| Bronze, Bismuth Bronze
| Copper
|
|
|-
| Edged Weapons
| Adamantine
| Steel
| Iron
| Bronze, Bismuth Bronze
| Copper
| Silver
| For piercing iron armor, copper is better than bronze, but when piercing copper or bronze armor, bronze is better than copper.
|-
| Ammunition
| Steel, Iron, Bronze, Bismuth Bronze, Copper, Silver
|
| Adamantine
|
|
|
| Adamantine bolts deflect off of adamantine armor, but otherwise their performance is on par with bolts made out of other metals.
|-
| Blunt Weapons
| Platinum, Slade
| Steel, Silver
| Copper, Bismuth Bronze, Bronze, Iron
|
|
| Adamantine
| All six standard weapon metals perform nearly identically. Steel has a slightly higher rate of critical wounds, while silver is slightly more likely to penetrate armor. Platinum (only available as [[artifact]] weapons) has twice the density of silver and several other improved properties, making it the best metal for impact weapons, though very limited in production. Adamantine's light weight makes it a terrible choice for blunt weapons, roughly the same as making a weapon out of [[featherwood]] or cork.
|}

Cross referencing this table with the table at the top of this section seems to indicate that low densities, high impact fractures, and high shear fractures contribute to the killing power of edged weapons.

===Analysis===
Testing of weapons (15 dwarves-versus-15 dwarves combat) in the [[object testing arena]] shows that the best dwarven-made weapon against unarmored humanoids is the battle axe, while the war hammer performs the best against armored targets. {{version|0.31.12}}.

Even in 15×(steel armor+silver war hammer) versus 15×(adamantine armor+adamantine battle axe) matches, hammerdwarves won with less than 50% casualties (mostly one-strike kills). However, when the dwarves in question were without armor or only wearing leather/cloth, the result was inverted — axedwarves won with less than 50% casualties. In battles against megabeasts, 6 silver hammerdwarves were barely able to scratch a [[bronze colossus]] (attacks were glancing away) due to bronze being a better "weapon" material.

This is because silver has the highest solid density of all materials that can regularly be made into weapons by dwarves. Tests show that indeed [[gold]] and [[platinum]] (increasingly dense) do increasing amounts of damage, and that war hammers remain the tool of choice, however they can only be produced by a moody dwarf (and a very lucky one at that).

For more on ranged ammunition see the forum thread [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=116151.0 Dwarven Research: A Comparison Study on the Effectiveness of Bolts vs Armors].

More arena tests are available in the [[Main:Military testing|Military testing]] article.

==Bugs==
*Equipping weapons/armor on military is erratic. This is likely due to a single piece of weapons/armor being erroneously assigned to multiple dwarves and seems to occur when dwarves are upgrading their equipment or going on raids. Removing and reassigning equipment for all military dwarves can temporarily fix this problem.{{Bug|535}}
*'One-handed' vs. 'two-handed' checks are performed correctly, but 'can wield' vs. 'can't wield' ignores height and broadness modifiers, so dwarves in Fortress mode cannot equip two-handed swords, great axes, halberds, mauls, or pikes.{{bug|5812}}
*In the Premium version, the sprite sheets for equipped gear are mostly incomplete. The material of equipped gear is currently distinguished for [[dwarf|dwarves]], for [[elf|elves']] and [[kobold|kobolds']] [[armor]] (including metal armor), and for elves' wooden weapons; everything else has a default, 'gray' color palette.
*The Premium version has placeholder sprites for equipped artifact gear (which can be any material), but these are not used for gear of nonstandard materials spawned in the [[object testing arena]], resulting in creatures that use them appearing un-equipped.

==See also==
* [[User:Shinziril#Weapons_and_Armor|Outstanding research]] on weapons and armor by Shinziril

{{Weapons}}
{{Industry}}
{{Category|Weapons}}

Talk:Weapon

2024-10-25T10:19:54Z

Jose96xd: /* Quality and its effects */

Talk:Weapon

2024-10-25T07:42:23Z

Jose96xd: /* Quality and its effects */

Talk:Weapon

2024-10-24T14:11:08Z

Jose96xd: Created page with "== Quality and its effects == In the section Quality and strange moods it is mentioned that quality affects sharpness (base quality has "5..."

Weapon

2024-10-24T13:50:32Z

Jose96xd: /* Combat formulae */ Fatness does not appear in the formula of this article (I think it comes from the other formulas in the material science article, I think)

{{av}}
:''This page deals entirely with manufactured weapons. For natural weapons, see [[Natural weapon]].''
[[File:weapons_sprites_preview.png|right]]A '''weapon''', in the sense described on this page, is any [[item]] specifically designed to be wielded in [[combat]] against others. In [[fortress mode]], weapons can be made at a [[metalsmith's forge]] (all metal weapons, including [[crossbow]]s, and [[bolt]]s in stacks of 25) using a single bar of metal*, a [[bowyer's workshop]] ([[wood|wooden]] and [[bone]] crossbows and bolts in stacks of 25 or 5 respectively) with a single [[log]] or [[bone]], or at a [[craftsdwarf's workshop]] (obsidian short swords* only) with one stone of obsidian plus one log.

: (* No "wooden handle" is required for most non-wooden weapons. The unique [[obsidian]] option for [[short sword]]s is the sole exception to this. Any metal weapons, including short swords made from metal, need no wood for their production.)
Graphically, each weapon's color palette will change according to the material used to make them, though this is currently the case with only dwarves. With [[kobold]]s, [[human]]s and [[goblin]]s, all wielded weapons will appear as steel-made. A slight exception to this is [[elf|elven]] "grown" wood weapons.

Many creatures with a humanoid form ([[giant]], [[magma man|magma men]], [[animal people]], etc.), or even some non-humanoid creatures with hands can also wield weapons, which can be seen in the items tab after clicking on a creature, although their sprite will not reflect this. This is because only dwarves, humans, elves, goblins and kobolds currently have dedicated sprites to resemble what they're wearing and wielding.

== Basics ==
=== Native vs. foreign ===
In fortress mode, weapons can be split into two categories: those that you can produce, and those that you can't. [[Weaponsmith]]s can produce seven types of native weapons at a [[metalsmith's forge]], but there are also fourteen foreign weapons that can be found in the hands of enemy combatants, or bought from trading caravans (note, however, that due to bugs, several foreign weapons currently are effectively unusable by dwarves). These may use skills your dwarves are unfamiliar with, it is impossible to buy them in bulk, and they are of variable quality and material. Like all weapons, they tend to be expensive as trade goods, and may be worth using if you can secure a high-quality specimen (see [[#Quality and strange moods|Quality]] below). Since they are common for other nations, it is important to understand their properties when you have to fight enemies wielding them.

=== Types of weapons ===
{{main|Attack types}}
Mechanically, all weapon attacks are separated into "edge" and "blunt" types, although these can be further split into four practical categories:
*Slashing
*Piercing
*Crushing
*Ranged

(Weapons that are native to dwarven culture, that dwarves can create for themselves, are listed first, with ''foreign weapons'', types that must be looted off dead enemies or traded for, listed in parentheses and italics. Dwarves can use many types of foreign weapons, but finding a good-[[quality]] one is rare.)

====Slashing weapons====
* [[battle axe]]s, [[short sword]]s ''(also [[scimitar]]s, [[scourge]]s, [[great axe]]s, [[halberd]]s, [[long sword]]s and [[two-handed sword]]s)''

These work by concentrating their force along a sharp edge, allowing them to cut gashes in or to completely sever body parts. Severing is most likely when the body part's thickness is smaller than the weapon's contact edge. They make the quickest work of unarmored opponents who are not tremendously large. They are far less effective against armored targets, however, as armor will usually prevent the cutting, converting strikes into weaker blunt damage. An advantage of severing parts is that they cannot be targetted again, allowing dwarves to better focus on more vital parts.

'''Short swords''' are, generally speaking, less effective than axes. Although categorized as a "slashing" weapon, analysis of combat statistics shows that short swords also deliver piercing and bludgeoning blows (the latter from the butt-end of the handle). However, they do all of these less effectively than other weapons in those categories, making them the "Jack of all trades, master of none" weapon. However, if going against heavily armored opponents, they do have that occasional piercing attack as an advantage over axes, if only that. Also, if [[obsidian]] is available (along with spare wood), obsidian short swords can be produced outside of the usual metal industry chain of production.

====Crushing weapons====
* [[war hammer]]s, [[mace]]s, training weapon attacks (see below), melee attacks with [[crossbow]]s ''(also [[flail]]s, [[maul]]s, [[whip]]s)''

Also known as "blunt" or "bludgeoning" weapons, these work by concentrating their force behind a tiny, blunt point, (notably, war hammers have half the contact area of spears), smashing right through armor and breaking bones beneath their blows. As broken bones cause extreme pain, living creatures that can feel it will often "give in" to it and fall unconscious very quickly. Attacks against such helpless targets will always result in perfectly accurate and perfectly square strikes to the head, which will usually cause fatal brain injury. Nevertheless, blunt weapons are still slower to kill unarmored enemies than slashing weapons are.

====Piercing weapons====
* [[spear]]s, [[pick]]s, [[crossbow]] bolts ''(also [[dagger]]s, [[Pike (weapon)|pikes]], [[morningstar]], [[arrow]]s and [[blowdart]]s)''

These work by concentrating their force at a point, allowing them to punch through armor and damage internal organs. They often get stuck in the opponent, forcing their wielder to spend valuable time pulling the weapon back out between uses.

====Ranged weapons====
* [[crossbow]]s ''(also [[bow]]s and [[blowgun]]s)''

These are effectively lightweight piercing weapons which work from a distance. When opponents engage the user in melee, the users are then forced to wield these weapons as melee weapons. Bows and crossbows both do extremely bad blunt damage over a contact area 100 times as wide as a war hammer, meaning it's far less likely for them to get through armor than such weapons.

====Training weapons====

There exists one more umbrella category of weapon: the so-called "'''training weapon'''". Training weapons are wooden, and are made at a [[carpenter's workshop]]. Training axes, spears, and short swords can be constructed in fortress mode. They all do blunt impact damage, but only a tiny amount due to the poor [[material science|material properties]] of wood for a combat weapon. While every weapon is actually safe to use in [[Training|sparring]], the primary purpose of training weapons in fortress mode is to allow your dwarves to start training before you have a working metal industry. They can also be used during live combat exercises (beating upon a disarmed goblin, etc.) to extend the training session's length. Finally, they may be issued to the guards to reduce the lethality of a [[justice|criminal beating]].

=== Weapon skill ===
{{main|Combat skill#Weapon skill}}
Every type of weapon has its own associated [[military]] [[skill]]. The higher a dwarf is in his skill with a weapon, the better he will be able to use it in combat, connecting hammer blows to more advantageous sweet spots and sending spears right through enemy hearts and lungs with greater accuracy. The higher the weapon skill, the better at fighting the dwarf will be.

Once a dwarf has reached "Great" skill in a certain weapon, they become '''[weapon] lords''' for that specific weapon. They are listed as such on the [[status]] screen, will love fighting, and will no longer complain about long patrol duties. Weapon skill is trained in fighting enemies in combat, demonstrations, and combat drills, but if you leave your dwarves shield-less, a [[danger room]] will train their skill very, very quickly. Note that this does not quite work for marksdwarves - danger rooming ranged weapons increases their melee skill, increasing their hammerdwarf skill, although [[Cross-training|this may be the point]].

=== Attachment ===
A dwarf that has used a particular weapon for a long time will grow [[Attachment|attached]] to it, equipping it whenever their uniform allows them to. This is fine if they are wielding a ☼steel mace☼, but a major problem if they are wielding what is meant to be a training weapon (be it a wooden axe or a copper spear). You can avoid this pitfall by not using training weapons and not forging weapons until you have real weaponsmithing underway. These events generate [[announcement]]s. If a dwarf does become attached, you can easily force him to relinquish the weapon by assigning a 'specific weapon' instead in his equipment view.

In addition, dwarves that reach a certain number or level of kills, or train long enough with a weapon, will name it. This prompts a major announcement. The weapon in question may have no kills associated with it (legendary dwarves occasionally name their weapons while training with them). Once named, the weapon will appear in the artifact list, albeit in blue. It is unknown if named weapons perform better than unnamed weapons. Dwarves may also become attached to shields and name them in the same way.

=== Quality and strange moods ===
The [[quality]] of a weapon has a significant impact on its combat performance, as well as its [[value]].

{{:Item quality/Table}}

Weaponsmithing is a [[moodable]] profession, which means that you can get [[artifact]] weapons. Artifact weapons have a 3x combat bonus and can be made out of a wide range of materials; ordinarily a [[hippo]] [[bone]] spear is impossible, but a moody dwarf can create one with a stack of hippo bone. Artifact weapons made of totally inappropriate materials are inferior to regular ones made of weapons-grade metal, although the exact balance is still under discussion. As with other moodable skills, a dwarf who creates an artifact using the weaponsmith skill stands a [[DF2014:Strange_mood#Skills_and_workshops|high chance]] of becoming a legendary weaponsmith.

=== Weapons as tools ===
[[Hunter]]s use crossbows, [[wood cutter]]s use [[battle axe]]s, and [[miner]]s use [[pick]]s. They must be in possession of these items to do their jobs, and it's as simple as that.

Hunters gain [[marksdwarf]] skill from hunting, but wood cutters do not gain [[axedwarf]] weapon skill from cutting trees. Miners gain [[mining]] skill, which is not considered a military skill, but is used as a weapon skill when fighting with a pick. A dwarf using a weapon as a tool will not use the same tool as a military weapon, instead dropping their tool to pick up another for military use.{{bug|1451}} Dwarves may carry only one weapon as a tool at a time; for example, woodcutters/hunters will drop their axes then go and pick up crossbows every time they begin hunting.

=== Ammunition ===
:''Main article: [[Ammunition]]''

[[Crossbow]]s and other ranged weapons require [[ammunition]] (in the case of the crossbow, [[bolt]]s). This ammunition is carried in a [[quiver]] in packs of about 25, and when they run out they will switch to using their ranged weapons as crude hammers. It's often a good idea to try to get them to retreat once they run out of ammo — crossbows are meant for shooting, not bashing.

=== Secondary weapons ===
Although it sounds like a cool idea, equipping a marksdwarf with a backup short sword "just in case" doesn't often work, as dwarves are just as quick to run up to their foes and start bashing them with a crossbow as they are to draw their swords and do it properly.

=== "Best" weapon choices ===
To put it simply, the combat system behind ''Dwarf Fortress'' is ''very'' complicated. It's not just a question of ''"What is the weapon with the biggest number?"'' - no such thing here. If you want technical specifics, that's addressed in the bottom half of this article (and elsewhere), but for now, from both study of the formulae and observed behavior, there are some patterns for what weapons seem to work "best" against certain targets, and what don't, and (basically) why.

''Dwarf Fortress'' combat is rarely "one-shot", nor is it a long process of whittling away a huge pile of "hit points" (which do not exist in DF). Your best tactic is to try to quickly cripple or stun an opponent, so that you can then deliver a killing blow against a (momentarily) defenseless target, and then move on to the next opponent. The recommended weapons are chosen with this in mind.

==== Superior metal rule ====
As a general rule, if a weapon slashes or pierces, it wants to be made from a "better" metal than the [[armor]] it's trying to penetrate. If it is, it goes through more easily; if it is equal, it has some problems, and if it's inferior, it has some real problems. That does '''not''' mean that a copper spear can't hurt a superior-metal-clad target - just understand that the odds drop compared to weapons of equal metal, and, similarly, superior weapons start to ignore armor of inferior metal.

Also, note that this effectively works in steps - copper is weak against bronze/iron targets, but feeble against steel.

(Note: In this section, if 2 metals are equivalent to each other, they will be placed together in parentheses for ease of comparison.)

* [[steel]], the clear best*
* ([[bronze]] or [[iron]]), very respectable, roughly equivalent** to each other
* [[copper]], a distant third
* [[silver]], a ''very'' distant last (included only because silver is listed to make slashing/piercing weapons)

: (* There is also [[adamantine]], which is late game only, in a different league from the rest. That is not the subject of a "basic" discussion.)
: (** There are some "X weapon vs Y armor" situations where iron is slightly better, but a couple where bronze is actually better than iron - but each is a very specific case. "Roughly equivalent" is a good rule of thumb.)

Ranged attacks (for dwarves, [[crossbow]]s, but also bows and arrows for enemies) are also piercing, and suffer even more from the "superior metal" rule, especially since everything except adamantine has essentially equal density when it comes to bolts due to their max velocity and force. It can be very disheartening to see all those cheap bolts bounce off their armored targets when it matters most.

==== vs. unarmored ====
This includes most wild [[animal]]s, [[siege]]-mounts, [[thief|thieves]], [[kobold]]s, etc. Leather/bone armor helps against animal attacks, not against metal weapons.

It may also include some [[semi-megabeast]]s and [[megabeast]]s, depending on specifics.

* recommended weapon: any sharp weapon

Most unarmored creatures are biological beings much larger than dwarf, a situation where spear excels at reaching the vitals. Axes have 60% the penetration and swords 40% of the penetration of spears, but much larger areas, which leads to much more bleeding and more chance of pulping. In theory, all edged weapons follow the "superior metal" rule, but, against unarmored targets, skin and bone will always lose to ''any'' edged metal weapon - even silver! (However, see "vs. undead", below.)

Blunt weapons can break bones, which stuns the target and allows a killing blow, but removing a limb is obviously better. War hammers break bones more easily than maces, causing pain, though maces achieve total pulping blows sooner. However, unless you're facing small enemies even the best blunt weapon is going to lose to the worst sharp weapon.

Crossbows can hit a vital organ, knee or guts if lucky, but otherwise are slow to cripple and may get off only 2-3 shots before melee combat begins. They are, however, excellent for chasing down fleeing targets, making them ideal against various thieves/wildlife.

And the bonus lesson here is... armor your military.

==== vs. [[armor]]ed ====

Usually showing up only during a [[siege]] or [[ambush]]. [[Quality]] has a significant effect, but copper chain pieces have much less stopping power than bronze/iron plate pieces.

* recommended weapon: steel spear
* other choices: any steel sharp weapon, any warhammer or pick

Your typical goblin or human sieges will never have steel. Even when undead have it, the coverage is only partial.

Steel spears are the only edged weapon that can consistently pierce armor. Unless held by an extremely strong dwarf or made of adamantine, a sword will have difficulty getting through a breastplate, and an axe '''never''' will.

Steel swords have biggest variety of attacks, allowing them to both stab organs and remove limbs. Picks have the velocity of a blunt weapon with the edge of a sharp weapon, giving them extra punch. Functionally, having "superior metal" will make the battle much like removing enemy armor.

(Note also that piercing weapons have a chance to get stuck in an opponent, which can lead to [[wrestling]] to get the weapon out, or to apply more punishment.)

Blunt weapons work on flexible chain just as well as against an unarmored opponent, and can deform solid armor (which is everything "not chain") to land a killing blow. Warhammers are superior to maces in penetrating solid, "non-chain" armor and breaking bones.

Slashing weapons really suffer here, and especially so against non-chain targets. It's critical that they be superior metal if you want any chance of them having much reliable effect against heavy armor. A lucky blow can still take a limb, but often slashing blows just do little more than anger the target, even with steel.

Crossbows suffer doubly from superior metal issues against chain, and it only gets worse against plate [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=160814.msg7192083#msg7192083 3]

==== vs. [[undead]] ====

* recommended weapon: mace or war hammer if you want to have a single corpse, axe if you want efficiency.
* other choices: sword will do a fine job.

u/MrNorrelDoesHisPart:

"Maces did indeed perform the best in terms of creating the smallest number of additional reanimated opponents. They always scored perfectly and thus don’t have a margin of error. Axes produced the largest number of additional reanimated opponents, and spears produced relatively few reanimated body parts...(However) Axes and spears tie for fastest and maces come a distant third. Although it is true that an axe is much messier than a mace, it seems that an axe’s greater killing ability more than compensates for this problem. Maces thus appear to be the best choice when cleanliness is a priority but the worst choice when combat efficiency is important."

*Newest Dwarven [https://www.reddit.com/r/dwarffortress/comments/11bh54h/combat_science_iii_fighting_the_undead/ !!Science!!] shows that while axe create a messy pile of reanimated corpse, the axe generally takes only 1/3 the time to kill all the reanimated bits. Therefore without considering the extra hauling labor, battle axe is the superior solution to reanimated corpse.

War hammers can be preferable to maces when fighting living enemies that you don't want to resurrect. Killing a living enemy with a war hammer will usually result in a mangled corpse just like in the case of maces, but a war hammer will deal more damage due to its superior ability to penetrate outer layers and damage internal organs and bones, as well as better ability to stun enemies. An axe can still kill unarmored living creatures faster, but it will cut off limbs and head which can later resurrect. Resurrected body parts are often easy to kill, even for unarmed dwarves (although sometimes they are significantly stronger, such as a resurrected neck killing multiple dwarves), but can generate job cancellation spam and unhappy thoughts from being attacked by the dead. Also, resurrected body parts may need to be killed many times before they are mangled, even when using maces or war hammers.

==== vs. Undead megabeast and other large fleshy creatures ====

** recommended weapon if has access to steel: large army with steel spears.
** recommended weapon if has access to adamantine: adamantine axe.
** unrecomended weapon: anything inferior than steel.

The result varies between axe, spear and sword. When a squad of 4 armored dwarves fight an undead cyclops with metal inferior to adamantine, only the ones armed with steel spears have a chance of winning. The squads with axe, mace and sword stand no fighting chance.

With an adamantine weapon, however, axe and sword outperforms spear. Even one grandmaster axedwarf with an adamantine axe stands a chance to defeat the undead cyclops.

==== vs. others ====
This category consists of the rare "not like anything else" creature, the type you get when you breach the [[cavern]]s or [[magma]] (or deeper), or once your fortress is large enough to get their attention.

* recommended weapon: (varies)
* other choices: any steel axe (depending), crossbow (from behind fortifications), whip

There are many different types here, and no one approach works for all. Some are merely gigantic but (more or less) "normal", but many are non-organic, and most enjoy the "[[No Pain|don't feel pain]]" tag, including [[titan]]s, [[forgotten beast]]s, [[bronze colossus]]es, [[Iron man|iron men]], and [[HFS|hidden fun stuff]]. Many of these enemies ''have'' no internal organs while being huge, weakening the effectiveness of pain and pierce. Some are still flesh and blood, and they're functionally like unarmored wildlife, but some are made from some material that may be very difficult to slash at.* In the worst case of being made of steel, it leaves chipping away at the target until they collapse from cumulative damage, which means either penetrating a LOT of armor (warhammer or ideally whip) or breaking everything (mace). Some few megabeasts are metal (e.g. [[bronze colossus]]), and the "superior metal" rule goes ''strongly'' in effect there - use steel sharp weapons for them, though whip would be best if you don't have those.

(* although a forgotten beast made of, for instance, "mud" is laughably easy to kill)

Ranged attacks are useful for taking care of the ones who are unapproachable themselves while being incredibly fragile. And at the very least, you're at less risk when raining down bolts from above, even if it won't do much damage.

==== Final verdict ====
Now, all that said, overall, if you had to choose one "least worst" weapon, it would probably have to be... the steel short sword. It has no true counters, no enemy it cannot ever defeat - while axes falls to iron men and copper armor and maces/hammers/spears falls to big creatures. If you cannot get steel, a second option would be the goblin-made whip, which is still somewhat effective against bronze colossuses and big beasts, and maces and hammers will always be effective no matter what they're made of.

Outside that, for edged/piercing weapons (axe, spear, bolts, and sword) against unarmored (and non-"unusual" targets) any metal will be overpowered, easily cutting/chopping/piercing all equally. Soft targets aside, make edged/piercing weapons out of the best metal you can (steel > iron > bronze > copper > silver) for use against armor, if/when you meet that. Crushing weapons (in order: hammer, mace, and crossbow in melee) can be any metal, with silver or steel each ''slightly'' preferable. If you want to add megabeasts into the consideration, go with steel to be safe, for any weapon type.

= Technical =
From here down, there are tables of values pulled from the raws, some technical analyses, a few statistical observations, and some solid and speculative inferences and conclusions.

Insert obligatory "math warning" here.

== Weapons ==
=== Native weapons ===
{| class="wikitable" border="border"
! Type
! Graphic
! Size
! Attack
! [[Attack type]]
! Contact Area
! Penetration
! Velocity
! Skill Used
! Hands Used
! [[Weaponsmith|Metal]]
! [[Bowyer|Wood]]
! [[Bowyer|Bone]]
! [[Stone crafter|Obsidian]]
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| [[battle axe|Battle Axe]]
|rowspan="3"| [[File:battle_axe_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 800
| Hack || Edge || 40000 || 6000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Axe
|rowspan="3"| one
|rowspan="3"| Yes
|rowspan="3"| No
|rowspan="3"| No
|rowspan="3"| No
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 40000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|-
| [[Crossbow]] (Melee)
| [[File:crossbow_sprite.png]]
| 400
| Bash || Blunt || 10000 || (4000) || 1.25×
| Hammer
| two
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
| No
|-
| [[Mace]]
| [[File:mace_sprite.png]]
| 800
| Bash || Blunt || 20 || (200) || 2.0×
| Mace
| one
| Yes
| No
| No
| No
|-
| [[Pick]] (foreign)
| [[File:pickaxe_sprite.png]]
| 500
| Strike || Edge || 100 || 4000 || 2.0×
| Mining
| one
| Yes
| No
| No
| No
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="4"| [[short sword|Short Sword]]
|rowspan="4"| [[File:short_sword_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="4"| 300
| Slash || Edge || 20000 || 4000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="4"| Sword
|rowspan="4"| one
|rowspan="4"| Yes
|rowspan="4"| No
|rowspan="4"| No
|rowspan="4"| Yes
|-
| Stab || Edge || 50 || 2000 || 1.0×
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 20000 || (4000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="2"| [[Spear]]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:spear_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="2"| 400
| Stab || Edge || 20 || 10000 || 1.0×
|rowspan="2"| Spear
|rowspan="2"| one
|rowspan="2"| Yes
|rowspan="2"| No
|rowspan="2"| No
|rowspan="2"| No
|-
| Shaft bash || Blunt || 10000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|-
| [[war hammer|War Hammer]]
| [[File:war_hammer_sprite.png]]
| 400
| Bash || Blunt || 10 || (200) || 2.0×
| Hammer
| one
| Yes
| No
| No
| No
|}

Note that although the [[pick]] is a foreign weapon, it can be produced by dwarves and is therefore considered native.{{bug|680}}

=== Details ===
*If you find your dwarves wearing more than one weapon – or any unwanted [[armor]], for that matter – one way to get rid of them is to dump the weapon from their {{k|v}}-{{k|i}} inventory screen. This does not always work, as they might re-equip the item. Another option is to remove any weapons and/or shields listed on their military equip screen. This too does not always work. At least "left-handedness" seems to not pose a problem. If you cancel the work by {{k|v}}-{{k|p}} and selecting a job that needs a tool they will sometimes put it back in the pile. Example: Miners use picks, cancel their mining job and they will put the pick away AFTER you ordered it to be dumped.
* Using weapons is much more effective than unarmed combat – an untrained swordsdwarf with an [[iron]] weapon can defeat a grand master [[wrestler]], provided neither is wearing armor. Larger weapons tend to do more damage due to the [[Material science#Attack Momentum|momentum formula]]
* The size for a weapon is its volume in cm3.
* Attacks of type EDGE will either slice or pierce their target, depending on the contact area and penetration depth, while BLUNT attacks tend to damage internal organs without necessarily causing significant damage to outer layers.
* The contact area represents the area of contact of the weapon, and the penetration determines how deep the attack goes (and is apparently ignored entirely for BLUNT attacks – indicated by numbers in parentheses). The game does not distinguish between "piercing" and "slashing" attacks, despite this page using those terms often--the only difference is that piercing weapons have small contact area and slashing ones have large contact area. Penetration tends to be the same between either, but large contact area makes it much more difficult for weapons to get through armor--armor that a spear can barely pierce would require '''400 times''' as much momentum for an axe to pierce.
* The velocity is a direct multiplier on the attack's [[Material science#Attack Momentum|momentum]] - for example, war hammers have a 2x velocity multiplier, presumably to model the fact that the hammer's mass is concentrated at the tip which, when combined with a long handle, permits swinging it harder than a weapon whose mass is evenly distributed (such as a sword).
* Crossbows can be made of metal, wood, and bone. Metal crossbows are made by a [[weaponsmith]] at a [[forge]], while wood and bone crossbows are made by a [[bowyer]] at a [[bowyer's workshop]]. The material of a crossbow does not affect its firing ability, only its melee damage. A dwarf's marksmanship skill is only affected by the core [[item quality|quality]] of the bow. This may be a consideration when deciding which dwarf you want outfitting your marksdwarves: a [[experience|legendary]] bowyer is a better choice than a proficient weaponsmith.
* Dwarves will never select a pick for a weapon if allowed "individual choice." You must specify picks as part of their uniform, or on the individual equip screen, if you wish to utilize them as weapons.

=== Training weapons ===
All [[training weapon]]s must be made of [[wood]] at the [[carpenter's workshop]].

{| class="wikitable" border="border"
|-
! Type
! Graphic
! Size
! Attack
! [[Attack type]]
! Contact Area
! Penetration
! Velocity
! Skill Used
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| Training Axe
|rowspan="3"| [[File:training_axe_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 800
| Hack || Blunt || 30000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Axe
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 30000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="4"| Training Sword
|rowspan="4"| [[File:training_sword_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="4"| 300
| Slash || Blunt || 20000 || (4000) || 1.25×
|rowspan="4"| Sword
|-
| Stab || Blunt || 50 || (2000) || 1.0×
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 20000 || (4000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="2"| Training Spear
|rowspan="2"| [[File:training_spear_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="2"| 400
| Stab || Blunt || 200 || (10000) || 1.0×
|rowspan="2"| Spear
|-
| Shaft bash || Blunt || 10000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|}

=== Foreign weapons ===
Using any multi-grasp weapon in a single hand (i.e. with a shield in the other hand) gives you a disability to hit - do not equip two-handed swords with a shield, for instance. '''The game will not stop you from doing this''', so be wary about it.

In adventurer mode, however, if your character passes the one-handed check for single-handing a multi-grasp weapon, it is possible to wield a two-handed sword, or any multi-grasp weapon, in one hand without penalty (allowing for the simultaneous use of a shield). For example, if you create a human character, and manage to spawn into a world with a "broad body" or a "tall body" in the character description, you will be able to single-hand any multi-grasp weapon (and will be forced to, much like you are forced to single-hand any single-grasp weapon), which allows for the simultaneous, disability-free use of a shield, thus making your damage and defensive capabilities much higher than they would be with a single-grasp weapon and shield. Note that upping Strength to Superior (and eventually Superhuman) will make all attacks more likely to deal extra damage, making cutting off the limbs of your enemies much easier.

{| class="wikitable" border="border"
|-
! Type
! Graphic
! Size
! Attack
! [[Attack type]]
! Contact Area
! Penetration
! Velocity
! Skill Used
! Used by
! Hands Used (average human)
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="4"| [[Two-handed sword]]
|rowspan="4"| [[File:two_handed_sword_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="4"| 900
| Slash || Edge || 100000 || 8000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="4"| Sword
|rowspan="4"| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="4"| Multi-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 50 || 4000 || 1.0×
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 100000 || (8000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
| [[Blowgun]] (Melee)
| [[File:blowgun_sprite.png]]
| 150
| Bash || Blunt || 10000 || (4000) || 1.25×
| Sword
| Subterranean [[animal people]]
| Single-grasp
|- valign="top"
| [[Bow]] (Melee)
| [[File:bow_sprite.png]]
| 300
| Bash || Blunt || 10000 || (4000) || 1.25×
| Sword
| [[Elf]], [[Goblin]], [[Human]], [[Kobold]]
| Single-grasp
|- valign="top"
| [[Flail]]
| [[File:flail_sprite.png]]
| 500
| Bash || Blunt || 200 || (4000) || 2.5×
| Mace
| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
| Single-grasp
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| [[great axe|Great Axe]]
|rowspan="3"| [[File:great_axe_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 1300
| Hack || Edge || 60000 || 8000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Axe
|rowspan="3"| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="3"| Multi-grasp
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 60000 || (8000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| [[Halberd]]
|rowspan="3"| [[File:halberd_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 1200
| Slash || Edge || 20000 || 8000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Axe
|rowspan="3"| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="3"| Multi-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 50 || 2000 || 1.0×
|-
| Shaft bash || Blunt || 20000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| [[Dagger]] (Large)
|rowspan="3"| [[File:dagger_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 200
| Slash || Edge || 1000 || 800 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Dagger
|rowspan="3"| [[Goblin]], [[Kobold]]
|rowspan="3"| Single-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 5 || 1000 || 1.0×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 20 || (600) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="4"| [[long sword|Long Sword]]
|rowspan="4"| [[FIle:long_sword_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="4"| 700
| Slash || Edge || 60000 || 6000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="4"| Sword
|rowspan="4"| [[Elf]], [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="4"| Single-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 50 || 3000 || 1.0×
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 60000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 100 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
| [[Maul]]
| [[File:maul_sprite.png]]
| 1300
| Bash || Blunt || 100 || (6000) || 2.0×
| Hammer
| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
| Multi-grasp
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="2"| [[Morningstar]]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:morningstar_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="2"| 500
| Bash || Edge || 10 || 500 || 2.0×
|rowspan="2"| Mace
|rowspan="2"| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="2"| Single-grasp
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 50 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="2"| [[pike (weapon)|Pike]]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:pike_weapon_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="2"| 800
| Stab || Edge || 20 || 12000 || 1.0×
|rowspan="2"| Pike
|rowspan="2"| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="2"| Multigrasp
|-
| Shaft bash || Blunt || 10000 || (6000) || 1.25×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="4"| [[Scimitar]]
|rowspan="4"| [[File:scimitar_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="4"| 300
| Slash || Edge || 20000 || 4000 || 1.25×
|rowspan="4"| Sword
|rowspan="4"| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
|rowspan="4"| Single-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 50 || 2000 || 1.0×
|-
| Flat slap || Blunt || 20000 || (4000) || 1.25×
|-
| Pommel strike || Blunt || 50 || (1000) || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
| [[Scourge]]
| [[File:scourge_sprite.png]]
| 300
| Lash || Edge || 10 || 50 || 2.0×
| Whip
| [[Goblin]]
| Single-grasp
|- valign="top"
| [[Whip]]
| [[File:whip_sprite.png]]
| 100
| Lash || Blunt || 1 || (10) || 5.0×
| Whip
| [[Goblin]], [[Human]]
| Single-grasp
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| Stone axe
|rowspan="3"|[[File:stone_axe_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 400
| Hack || Edge || 800 || 400 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Axe
|rowspan="3"| Player in [[adventurer mode]]
|rowspan="3"| Single-grasp
|-
| Slap|| Blunt || 800|| 400 || 1.25×
|-
| Strike || Blunt || 20|| 400 || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| Carving knife
|rowspan="3"|[[File:carving_knife_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 150
| Slash || Edge || 800 || 600 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Dagger
|rowspan="3"| Non-warrior NPCs in [[adventurer mode]]
|rowspan="3"| Single-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 4 || 800 || 1.0×
|-
| Strike|| Blunt || 15|| 400 || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| Boning knife
|rowspan="3"|[[File:boning_knife_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 50
| Slash || Edge || 500 || 300 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Dagger
|rowspan="3"| Non-warrior NPCs in [[adventurer mode]]
|rowspan="3"| Single-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 2 || 400 || 1.0×
|-
| Strike|| Blunt || 10 || 200 || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| Slicing knife
|rowspan="3"|[[File:slicing_knife_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 150
| Slash || Edge || 900 || 700|| 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Dagger
|rowspan="3"| Non-warrior NPCs in [[adventurer mode]]
|rowspan="3"| Single-grasp
|-
| Stab || Edge || 3 || 900 || 1.0×
|-
| Strike|| Blunt || 15 || 400 || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="3"| Meat cleaver
|rowspan="3"|[[File:meat_cleaver_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="3"| 300
| Hack|| Edge || 800 || 400 || 1.25×
|rowspan="3"| Axe
|rowspan="3"| Non-warrior NPCs in [[adventurer mode]]
|rowspan="3"| Single-grasp
|-
| Clap || Blunt || 800 || 400 || 1.25×
|-
| Strike || Blunt || 20 || 400 || 1.0×
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="2"| Carving fork
|rowspan="2"| [[File:carving_fork_sprite.png]]
|rowspan="2"| 150
| Stab|| Edge || 1 || 100 || 1.25×
|rowspan="2"| Dagger
|rowspan="2"| Non-warrior NPCs in [[adventurer mode]]
|rowspan="2"| Single-grasp
|-
| Strike || Blunt || 15 || 400 || 1.0×
|}

===Special variations===
Some rare entities have their own [[divine equipment|procedurally generated variations]] of weapons. Currently, these weapons are produced by copying the default properties of the "base" weapon, and adding an adjective ("bulky", "large-headed", "branching", etc.) or renaming the weapon altogether ("blade", "curved sword"). Dwarves in [[strange mood]]s which select from all weapons with a certain tag may produce one of these procedurally generated weapons. Since they retain the properties of their base items, these weapons should be as usable as a standard weapon of the base type.

== Size ==

Weapons have a minimum size to use at all, and a minimum size to use one-handed. Adult dwarves vary in size between 33750 and 93750 (average 60000) based on their height and broadness. Unfortunately, this is currently bugged in fortress mode.{{Bug|0005812}} 'One-handed' vs. 'two-handed' checks are performed correctly, but 'can wield' vs. 'can't wield' ignores height and broadness modifiers. So dwarves in fortress mode will never equip two-handed swords, great axes, halberds, mauls, or pikes. Other weapons have a minimum wielding size of less than 60000, and are wielded one-handed if the individual dwarf is large enough. See [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=119068.msg3790913#msg3790913 this] forum post.

The following table shows approximately how many dwarves ''should be'' able to use each weapon one- or two-handed (see [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=101379.msg3029579#msg3029579 this forum post] for details), with all fractional numbers being approximate. While there are seven categories each for height and broadness, the number used is chosen randomly from within each category.

Note that there are other factors (such as fat and muscle mass) affecting dwarf size, and e.g. [[DFHack]] {{k|Alt}}+{{k|I}} will take them into account, but (at least in adventure mode) only base height and broadness appear to determine weapon wieldability.

Additionally, even if a creature is large enough to wield a weapon with one hand/appendage, it is still possible to wield it with both/more through [[Wrestling#Bugs|wrestling]] by first lodging it into a target, then grabbing it with a free hand/appendage, and then pulling it free.

Where the size checking bug affects weapon wielding for dwarves, correct approximate figures are given in brackets.
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="border"
|-
! Type
! Min Size
(Two-Handed)
! Min Size
(One-Handed)
! Dwarves
Can't Wield
! Dwarves Wield
Two-Handed
! Dwarves Wield
One-Handed
|- valign="top"
| [[battle axe|Battle Axe]]
| 42500
| 47500
| 1/49 (0)
| 10/49 (11/49)
| 38/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Crossbow]] (Melee)
| 15000
| 0
| -
| -
| 49/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Mace]]
| 32500
| 37500
| -
| 1/49
| 48/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Pick]]
| 42500
| 47500
| 1/49 (0)
| 10/49 (11/49)
| 38/49
|- valign="top"
| [[short sword|Short Sword]]
| 32500
| 37500
| -
| 1/49
| 48/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Spear]]
| 5000
| 47500
| -
| 11/49
| 38/49
|- valign="top"
| [[war hammer|War Hammer]]
| 32500
| 37500
| -
| 1/49
| 48/49
|- valign="top"
| Training Axe
| 42500
| 47500
| 1/49 (0)
| 10/49 (11/49)
| 38/49
|- valign="top"
| Training Sword
| 32500
| 37500
| -
| 1/49
| 48/49
|- valign="top"
| Training Spear
| 42500
| 47500
| 1/49 (0)
| 10/49 (11/49)
| 38/49
|- valign="top"
| [[two-handed sword|2H Sword]]
| 62500
| 77500
| 32/49 (ALL)
| 14/49 (0)
| 3/49 (0)
|- valign="top"
| [[Blowgun]] (Melee)
| 15000
| 0
| -
| -
| 49/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Bow]] (Melee)
| 15000
| 0
| -
| -
| 49/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Flail]]
| 42500
| 47500
| 1/49 (0)
| 10/49 (11/49)
| 38/49
|- valign="top"
| [[great axe|Great Axe]]
| 62500
| 77500
| 32/49 (ALL)
| 14/49 (0)
| 3/49 (0)
|- valign="top"
| [[Halberd]]
| 62500
| 77500
| 32/49 (ALL)
| 14/49 (0)
| 3/49 (0)
|- valign="top"
| [[Dagger]] (Large)
| 5000
| 27500
| -
| -
| 49/49
|- valign="top"
| [[long sword|Long Sword]]
| 52500
| 57500
| 11/49 (0)
| 7/49 (18/49)
| 31/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Maul]]
| 62500
| 77500
| 32/49 (ALL)
| 14/49 (0)
| 3/49 (0)
|- valign="top"
| [[Morningstar]]
| 32500
| 37500
| -
| 1/49
| 48/49
|- valign="top"
| [[pike (weapon)|Pike]]
| 62500
| 77500
| 32/49 (ALL)
| 14/49 (0)
| 3/49 (0)
|- valign="top"
| [[Scimitar]]
| 32500
| 37500
| -
| 1/49
| 48/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Scourge]]
| 22500
| 27500
| -
| -
| 49/49
|- valign="top"
| [[Whip]]
| 22500
| 27500
| -
| -
| 49/49
|}

==Material==

Weapons and armor (with a few exceptions) can only be forged from weapon-grade metals (adamantine, steel, iron, silver, bronze, bismuth bronze, copper, and divine metal), wood, or bone. The exceptions include obsidian short-swords and items created during a strange mood.

{{v0.31 material metal table head}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Adamantine|color={{Tile|/|3:1}}3:3:1|source=[[Raw adamantine]]|notes= |soliddensity=0.200|mp=25000|val=300|valinc=+50|impactyield=5000|impactfracture=5000|impactelasticity=0|shearyield=5000|shearfracture=5000|shearelasticity=0
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Divine metal|notes= |soliddensity=1.0|val=300|impactyield=1000|impactfracture=2000|impactelasticity=0|shearyield=1000|shearfracture=2000|shearelasticity=0
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Steel|color={{Tile|/|0:1}}0:7:1|source=[[Iron]] + [[Pig iron]] + [[flux]] stone + [[fuel]] '''!'''|notes= |soliddensity=7.85|val=30|valinc=+20|mp=12718|impactyield=1505|impactfracture=2520|impactelasticity=940|shearyield=430|shearfracture=720|shearelasticity=215
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Bismuth bronze|color={{Tile|/|6:1}}6:6:1|source=2 [[Copper]] + 1 [[Tin]] + 1 [[Bismuth]] '''!'''|notes= |soliddensity=8.25|val=6|valinc=+4|mp=11868|impactyield=602|impactfracture=843|impactelasticity=547|shearyield=172|shearfracture=241|shearelasticity=156
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Bronze|color={{Tile|/|6:0}}6:4:0|source=[[Tin]] + [[Copper]]|notes= |soliddensity=8.25|val=5|valinc=+3|mp=11868|impactyield=602|impactfracture=843|impactelasticity=547|shearyield=172|shearfracture=241|shearelasticity=156
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Iron|color={{Tile|/|0:1}}0:7:1|source=[[Hematite]], [[Limonite]], [[Magnetite]]|notes= |soliddensity=7.85|mp=12768|val=10|valinc=+2|impactyield=542|impactfracture=1080|impactelasticity=319|shearyield=155|shearfracture=310|shearelasticity=189
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Copper|color={{Tile|/|6:0}}6:4:0|source=[[Native copper]], [[Malachite]], [[Tetrahedrite]]|notes= |soliddensity=8.93|mp=11952|val=2|valinc=+0, +0, -1*|impactyield=245|impactfracture=770|impactelasticity=175|shearyield=70|shearfracture=220|shearelasticity=145
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Silver|color={{Tile|/|7:1}}7:7:1|source=[[Native silver]], [[Horn silver]], [[Galena]] (50%), [[Tetrahedrite]] (20%) |notes= |soliddensity=10.49|mp=11731|val=10|valinc=+0, +0, +5*, +7*|impactyield=350|impactfracture=595|impactelasticity=350|shearyield=100|shearfracture=170|shearelasticity=333
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Platinum|color={{Tile|/|7:1}}7:7:1|source=[[Native platinum]]|notes= Only available as artifact weapons.|soliddensity=21.4|mp=13182|val=40|valinc=+?, +?, +?, +?|impactyield=350|impactfracture=700|impactelasticity=152|shearyield=100|shearfracture=200|shearelasticity=164
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Bone|color={{Tile|/|7:1}}7:7:1|source=Creatures|notes= |soliddensity=0.50|mp=NONE(burn at 10250)|val=1|valinc=+?, +?, +?, +?|impactyield=200|impactfracture=200|impactelasticity=100|shearyield=115|shearfracture=130|shearelasticity=100
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Wood|color={{Tile|/|6:0}}7:7:1|source=Trees|notes= |soliddensity=0.50|mp=NONE(burn at 10250)|val=1|valinc=+?, +?, +?, +?|impactyield=10|impactfracture=10|impactelasticity=1000|shearyield=40|shearfracture=40|shearelasticity=1000
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Shell|color={{Tile|/|2:0}}7:7:1|source=Creatures|notes= Only available as artifact weapons.|soliddensity=0.50|mp=NONE(burn at 10250)|val=1|valinc=+?, +?, +?, +?|impactyield=200|impactfracture=200|impactelasticity=100|shearyield=115|shearfracture=130|shearelasticity=100
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Leather|color={{Tile|/|2:0}}7:7:1|source=Creatures|notes= Material data added for comparison.|soliddensity=0.50|mp=NONE(burn at 10250)|val=1|valinc=+?, +?, +?, +?|impactyield=10|impactfracture=10|impactelasticity=50000|shearyield=25|shearfracture=25|shearelasticity=50000
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Obsidian|color={{Tile|/|0:1}}7:7:1|source=Lava|notes= Only available for Short Swords.|soliddensity=2.67|mp=13600|val=3|valinc=+0|impactyield=1000|impactfracture=1000|impactelasticity=2222|shearyield=35|shearfracture=35|shearelasticity=114
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Crystal glass|color={{Tile|/|7:1}}7:7:1|source=Sand|notes= Only available as trap components.|soliddensity=2.6|mp=13600|val=10|valinc=+0|impactyield=1000|impactfracture=1000|impactelasticity=2222|shearyield=33|shearfracture=33|shearelasticity=113
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Clear glass|color={{Tile|/|3:0}}7:7:1|source=Sand|notes= Only available as trap components.|soliddensity=2.6|mp=13600|val=5|valinc=+0|impactyield=1000|impactfracture=1000|impactelasticity=2222|shearyield=33|shearfracture=33|shearelasticity=113
}}

{{v0.31 material metal table row|name=Green glass|color={{Tile|/|2:0}}7:7:1|source=Sand|notes= Only available as trap components.|soliddensity=2.6|mp=13600|val=2|valinc=+0|impactyield=1000|impactfracture=1000|impactelasticity=2222|shearyield=33|shearfracture=33|shearelasticity=113
}}

|}

*''Combat information'' is used internally by the game to determine the combat properties of weapons and armor made from this metal:
**'''Density''': Used in conjunction with other factors - heavier weapons (higher numbers) hit with a bit more force, very light weapons tend to have less penetration. Value shown here is g/cm3, which is the raw value divided by 103
**'''Impact yield''': Used for blunt-force combat; ''higher'' is better for blunt weapons, but ''lower'' is better for armor. This is the raw value divided by 103 (i.e., kPa).
**'''Impact fracture''': Used for blunt-force combat; ''higher'' is better. This is the raw value divided by 103 (i.e., kPa).
**'''Impact elasticity''' (or '''strain at yield'''): Used for blunt-force combat; ''lower'' is better. This is the raw value.
**'''Shear yield''': Used for cutting calculations in combat; ''higher'' is better. This is the raw value divided by 103 (i.e., kPa).
**'''Shear fracture''': Used for cutting calculations in combat; ''higher'' is better. This is the most important indicator of edged strength. This is the raw value divided by 103 (i.e., kPa).
**'''Shear elasticity''' (or '''strain at yield'''): Used for cutting calculations in combat; ''lower'' is better. This is the raw value.

*General Term Explanations (from Wikipedia)
**'''Yield Strength''' - The stress at which material strain changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation, causing it to deform permanently.
**'''Fracture Strength''' - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.
**'''Stress''' - Force per area = F/A
**'''Strain''' - Deformation of a solid due to stress = Stress/Young's Modulus

=== Explanation ===
* '''Yield Strength''' is the amount of stress required to permanently deform (bend) a material (plastic deformation).
* '''Fracture Strength''' is the amount of stress required to permanently break (rupture) a material.
* '''Elasticity''' or '''Strain at yield''' is the amount of deformation (bending) that occurs at the yield point.

=== Implications ===
Yield strength combined with strain at yield can tell what a material will do under stress (be it from a hammer, axe, or arrow); higher yield means that it takes more stress to deform, while lower strain at yield means that it will deform less when stress is applied.

== Combat formulae ==

Penetration is poorly understood, but most of the rest of combat is fairly well understood. Maybe it defines how deep a blade may go through layers of armor and flesh and bones and even cut off limbs. This may explain why it does not apply for blunt attacks that do not go through layers.

First, you need to calculate your weapon's momentum.

Melee Weapon Momentum: M = Skill * Size * Str * Vel / (106 * (1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size) ))
* Dwarf Melee Momentum: M = 0.06 * Str * Vel / (1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size) )
* Quick attacks halve melee momentum, wild and heavy attacks multiply it by 1.5
* Attacking a prone opponent in melee doubles momentum.

Ranged Weapon Momentum: M = (w_density*w_size)/105 * min(105*(SHOOT_FORCE/20)/(w_density*w_size), SHOOT_MAXVEL/10)
* Bow and Crossbow Momentum: M = (w_density*150)/105 * min(105/(w_density*3), 20)
** If 20 is smaller because the ammunition is density 1666 or less, M = w_density*3/100 = w_density*0.03
** If 20 is larger because the ammunition is density 1667 or larger, M = 50
* Blowgun Momentum: M = (w_density*20)/105 * min(105/(w_density*4), 100)
** If 100 is smaller because the ammunition is density 250 or less, M = w_density/50 = w_density*0.02
** If 100 is larger because the ammunition is density 251 or more, M = 5

where:
* '''M''' is the momentum.
* '''Skill''' is a gradual multiplier based on skill level, from 1x base up to 2x at Grand Master.
* '''Str''' is the creature's strength (e.g. 1250 for the average dwarf)
* '''Vel''' is the weapon's velocity modifier if present (e.g. 1.25x, 2x)
* '''Size''' is the average creature size (e.g. 60000 for dwarves)
* '''i_Size''' is the specific creature's size
** Dwarves range from a minimum size of 33750 to a maximum size of 93750, with an average size of 60000.
* '''w_density''' is the weapon's material's density for melee weapons, or the ammunition's density for ranged weapons
* '''w_size''' is the weapon's size for melee weapons, or the ammunition's size for ranged weapons
* '''SHOOT_FORCE''' is the ranged weapon's SHOOT_FORCE constant, which is used to determine its maximum momentum.
* '''SHOOT_MAXVEL''' is the ranged weapon's SHOOT_MAXVEL constant, which is used to determine its maximum velocity, where ammo momentum = ammo mass * ammo velocity.

An edged weapon undergoes the following comparison:

M >= (aSY/wSY + (A+1)*aSF/wSF) * (10 + 2*a_quality) / (Sha * w_quality),

where:
* '''aSY''' is the armor's SHEAR_YIELD, which is based on its material
* '''wSY''' is the weapon's SHEAR_YIELD, which is based on its material
* '''aSF''' is the armor's SHEAR_FRACTURE, which is based on its material
* '''wSF''' is the weapon's SHEAR_FRACTURE, which is based on its material
* '''A''' is attack [[DF2014:Material_science#Contact_Area|contact area]]
* '''Sha''' is weapon material [[edge|sharpness]] multiplier (1x for most metals, 1.2x for [[divine metal]], 1.5x for [[glass]], 2x for [[obsidian]], 10x for [[adamantine]] and 0.1x for all other materials)
* '''w_quality''' is weapon [[quality]] multiplier (1x for normal quality, 1.4x for fine, 2x for masterwork, etc.)
* '''a_quality''' is armor [[quality]] multiplier

Expressed in the above terms,

* 0.06 * Str * Vel / (1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size)) >= (aSY/wSY + (A+1)*aSF/wSF) * (10 + 2*Qa) / (Sha * w_quality)
* 0.06 * Sha * w_quality * Str * Vel / (1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size)) >= (aSY/wSY + (A+1)*aSF/wSF) * (10 + 2*a_quality)
* 0.06 * Sha * w_quality * Str * Vel / ((1 + i_Size/(w_density*w_size)) * (10 + 2*a_quality)) >= aSY/wSY + (A+1)*aSF/wSF

Because Shear Yield and Shear Fracture are always within a power of 10 of each other for actually available materials, but the smallest possible A value is 20 (a blowgun dart, which is smaller than the smallest item of clothing/armor a dwarf can wear), this means that in practice, Shear Fracture is significantly more important than Shear Yield, and you can reliably compare weapons and armor without paying attention to Shear Yield. In both cases, higher is better on both weapons and armor, as is quality. Sharpness only matters to the weapon, and smaller contact area is better for the attacker.

If the test is passed, attack momentum is decreased by some 5% and the layer is considered punctured/severed, and the process continues to the next layer, including working through layers of the defender's body. If the test is failed, the attack becomes blunt for this layer.

If the attack is blunt, either due to starting off blunt or due to failing the above test, it is then subjected to this test:

2 * w_size * wIY > A * a_density

where:
* '''a_density''' is the armor material's density
* '''wIY''' is the weapon's impact yield in MPa (i.e. raw value divided by 106). {{verify}}

Failure means the attack bounces off, meaning denser, larger armor resists blunt attacks better, but larger blunt weapons with smaller contact areas and higher impact yields get through armor better. This also means adamantine armor is some of the worst in the game at outright deflecting attacks, due to its poor density, but this is not typically relevant, as impact yields are typically at least 10 times larger than density values for the actual metals available, so this step is routinely passed by most weapons regardless of relative materials.

On success, the following test is applied:

M >= (2*aIF - aIY) * (2 + 0.4*a_quality) * A,

where:
* '''aIF''' is the armor's impact fracture in MPa (i.e. raw value divided by 106)
* '''aIY''' is the armor's impact yield in MPa (i.e. raw value divided by 106).

Note that the armor wants as high impact fracture as possible to make this test fail. The armor also wants low impact yield, although the weapon's impact fracture does not matter, and high quality and high contact area.

On a success, attack momentum is decreased by some 5% and the layer is considered punctured/severed, and the process continues to the next layer, including working through layers of the defender's body. If the attack was edged, it becomes edged again. On a failure, the momentum is multiplied by SHEAR_STRAIN_AT_YIELD/50000 for edged attacks or IMPACT_STRAIN_AT_YIELD/50000 for blunt attacks, then it becomes *permanently* blunt, and is passed on to the next layer. This means most rigid metal armor will reduce blocked attacks by 98%-99%, but elastic armor, such as a mail shirt, has both strain at yield values raised to 50000, so it multiplies by 1 at this step (i.e. does nothing to the momentum, but does still convert it to blunt) regardless of material.

== Combat testing ==
In regards to edged weaponry: [[adamantine]] and [[steel]] take first and a distant second place respectively, with [[iron]] a slightly less distant third best material in the game, nearly matched by the [[bronze]]s. Beyond that is [[copper]], the second worst material, and [[silver]] is the worst weapon material available (and due to the existence of training weapons, not even useful in that regard).

Additionally, with regards to blunt weapons, almost all of the non-adamantine materials perform equally well, with a very slight edge towards steel and silver. Here is the thread with the details: [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=53571.0].

Keep in mind with how unbelievably complicated this system is very little should be taken as word of law yet.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Best
! Better
! Good
! Fair
! Poor
! Terrible
! Notes
|-
| Armor
| Adamantine
| Steel
| Iron
| Bronze, Bismuth Bronze
| Copper
|
|
|-
| Edged Weapons
| Adamantine
| Steel
| Iron
| Bronze, Bismuth Bronze
| Copper
| Silver
| For piercing iron armor, copper is better than bronze, but when piercing copper or bronze armor, bronze is better than copper.
|-
| Ammunition
| Steel, Iron, Bronze, Bismuth Bronze, Copper, Silver
|
| Adamantine
|
|
|
| Adamantine bolts deflect off of adamantine armor, but otherwise their performance is on par with bolts made out of other metals.
|-
| Blunt Weapons
| Platinum, Slade
| Steel, Silver
| Copper, Bismuth Bronze, Bronze, Iron
|
|
| Adamantine
| All six standard weapon metals perform nearly identically. Steel has a slightly higher rate of critical wounds, while silver is slightly more likely to penetrate armor. Platinum (only available as [[artifact]] weapons) has twice the density of silver and several other improved properties, making it the best metal for impact weapons, though very limited in production. Adamantine's light weight makes it a terrible choice for blunt weapons, roughly the same as making a weapon out of [[featherwood]] or cork.
|}

Cross referencing this table with the table at the top of this section seems to indicate that low densities, high impact fractures, and high shear fractures contribute to the killing power of edged weapons.

===Analysis===
Testing of weapons (15 dwarves-versus-15 dwarves combat) in the [[object testing arena]] shows that the best dwarven-made weapon against unarmored humanoids is the battle axe, while the war hammer performs the best against armored targets. {{version|0.31.12}}.

Even in 15×(steel armor+silver war hammer) versus 15×(adamantine armor+adamantine battle axe) matches, hammerdwarves won with less than 50% casualties (mostly one-strike kills). However, when the dwarves in question were without armor or only wearing leather/cloth, the result was inverted — axedwarves won with less than 50% casualties. In battles against megabeasts, 6 silver hammerdwarves were barely able to scratch a [[bronze colossus]] (attacks were glancing away) due to bronze being a better "weapon" material.

This is because silver has the highest solid density of all materials that can regularly be made into weapons by dwarves. Tests show that indeed [[gold]] and [[platinum]] (increasingly dense) do increasing amounts of damage, and that war hammers remain the tool of choice, however they can only be produced by a moody dwarf (and a very lucky one at that).

For more on ranged ammunition see the forum thread [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=116151.0 Dwarven Research: A Comparison Study on the Effectiveness of Bolts vs Armors].

More arena tests are available in the [[Main:Military testing|Military testing]] article.

==Bugs==
*Equipping weapons/armor on military is erratic. This is likely due to a single piece of weapons/armor being erroneously assigned to multiple dwarves and seems to occur when dwarves are upgrading their equipment or going on raids. Removing and reassigning equipment for all military dwarves can temporarily fix this problem.{{Bug|535}}
*'One-handed' vs. 'two-handed' checks are performed correctly, but 'can wield' vs. 'can't wield' ignores height and broadness modifiers, so dwarves in Fortress mode cannot equip two-handed swords, great axes, halberds, mauls, or pikes.{{bug|5812}}
*In the Premium version, the sprite sheets for equipped gear are mostly incomplete. The material of equipped gear is currently distinguished for [[dwarf|dwarves]], for [[elf|elves']] and [[kobold|kobolds']] [[armor]] (including metal armor), and for elves' wooden weapons; everything else has a default, 'gray' color palette.
*The Premium version has placeholder sprites for equipped artifact gear (which can be any material), but these are not used for gear of nonstandard materials spawned in the [[object testing arena]], resulting in creatures that use them appearing un-equipped.

==See also==
* [[User:Shinziril#Weapons_and_Armor|Outstanding research]] on weapons and armor by Shinziril

{{Weapons}}
{{Industry}}
{{Category|Weapons}}

Talk:Material science

2024-10-24T10:04:29Z

Jose96xd:

Talk:Material science

2024-10-24T08:55:45Z

Jose96xd: /* Attack Momentum */