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Mud is a [[contaminant]] which is created any time water covers an area. Any tiles that contain mud may be used for [[Agriculture|farming]]. | Mud is a [[contaminant]] which is created any time water covers an area. Any tiles that contain mud may be used for [[Agriculture|farming]]. | ||
− | Water can be displayed in two ways, depending on the [[Technical tricks#The look of the game|settings]] in d_init.txt. By default it is displayed with the symbols {{Tile|≈|1:7:1}} and {{Tile|~|1:7:1}}, sometimes colored different blues, and white, showing ripples, and flow. Setting <nowiki>[SHOW_FLOW_AMOUNTS:YES]</nowiki> in d_init.txt will cause water to display using a depth indicator of {{Tile|1|1: | + | Water can be displayed in two ways, depending on the [[Technical tricks#The look of the game|settings]] in d_init.txt. By default it is displayed with the symbols {{Tile|≈|1:7:1}} and {{Tile|~|1:7:1}}, sometimes colored different blues, and white, showing ripples, and flow. Setting <nowiki>[SHOW_FLOW_AMOUNTS:YES]</nowiki> in d_init.txt will cause water to display using a depth indicator of {{Tile|1|1:1:1}} through {{Tile|7|1:1:1}} instead. Water can also take on other colors indicating [[contaminant|contaminants]] such as '''blood''', '''ichor''', or '''goo'''. |
− | Dark-colored water symbols indicate the water is one [[Z-level]] below the camera level. Water has 7 depth levels per tile, with 1 being a shallow puddle, and 7 filling the tile completely. [[Dwarf|Dwarves]] can safely walk through water up to a depth of | + | Dark-colored water symbols indicate the water is one [[Z-level]] below the camera level. Water has 7 depth levels per tile, with 1 being a shallow puddle, and 7 filling the tile completely. [[Dwarf|Dwarves]] can safely walk through water up to a depth of 4. Dwarves finding themselves in water at a depth of 5 or greater{{verify}} are at risk of drowning unless they are skilled at [[swimming]]. |
Interestingly, water can slow falls with deep enough water and short enough falls. If the water is deep enough relative to the height of the fall, dwarves can be less injured or even completely uninjured (from a 4 level drop to a 3 level deep pool, for example) | Interestingly, water can slow falls with deep enough water and short enough falls. If the water is deep enough relative to the height of the fall, dwarves can be less injured or even completely uninjured (from a 4 level drop to a 3 level deep pool, for example) | ||
== Processes == | == Processes == | ||
− | ===Evaporation=== | + | ===Evaporation and Boiling=== |
− | + | Evaporation occurs when water or [[magma]] is at a depth of 1/7. Simply having 2/7 standing water is enough to prevent evaporation. Water or magma at 1/7 depth will even evaporate if it is on top of 7/7 depth water as shown in the example below. | |
− | + | {| style="border-spacing: 0" | |
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− | {| style="border-spacing:0 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|{{000}} | |{{000}} | ||
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|{{CCC}} | |{{CCC}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | + | [[Murky pool|Murky pools]] are an exception. In '''hot''' or '''scorching''' environments a murky pool can evaporate even when it is completely full. Murky pools also generate water to simulate seasonal accumulation from rainfall. This sometimes makes it possible for a murky pool to replenish itself even when it has been completely drained. | |
− | + | ||
+ | In scorching climates temperatures may reach the '''boiling point of water'''. Surprisingly this doesn't kill your hardy dwarves, but it does mean that water will rapidly disappear from pools (murky or otherwise) ''even if'' they were filled to 7/7{{verify}}. | ||
=== Freezing and thawing === | === Freezing and thawing === | ||
Many environments get cold enough for water to freeze in winter. When this happens, any water that is exposed above ground will [[ice|freeze into ice]]. However, water a single tile away that is in an underground tunnel will not freeze. When ice walls thaw, they always leave a 7/7 water tile regardless of how much water may have been present when the ice formed. | Many environments get cold enough for water to freeze in winter. When this happens, any water that is exposed above ground will [[ice|freeze into ice]]. However, water a single tile away that is in an underground tunnel will not freeze. When ice walls thaw, they always leave a 7/7 water tile regardless of how much water may have been present when the ice formed. | ||
− | When outdoor water freezes or thaws it does so instantly. Any dwarf [[swimming]] in water when it freezes will die, and any dwarf standing on a frozen pond will fall into it when it thaws, most | + | When outdoor water freezes or thaws it does so instantly. Any dwarf [[swimming]] in water when it freezes will die, and any dwarf standing on a frozen pond will fall into it when it thaws, most probably leading to [[swimmer|drowning]]. |
− | Mining ice can produce chunks of ice. Taking these chunks into a stone layer will cause it | + | Mining ice can produce chunks of ice. Taking these chunks into a stone layer will cause it eventually melt, turning it into a "water" item (much like those hauled in [[bucket]]s) which can't be used for anything. {{Bug|360}} |
[[Glacier#Cave-in_some ice_|Caving in an ice wall]] into a stone layer will cause it to instantly melt into water (provided it does not become exposed to the outdoors), which can be used to get water near the surface in a [[glacier]] biome without having to use a [[pump]] stack to pump water up from a [[cavern]] pool. | [[Glacier#Cave-in_some ice_|Caving in an ice wall]] into a stone layer will cause it to instantly melt into water (provided it does not become exposed to the outdoors), which can be used to get water near the surface in a [[glacier]] biome without having to use a [[pump]] stack to pump water up from a [[cavern]] pool. | ||
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The freezing point of water, {{ct|10000}}, is an important, if not the most important, [[temperature]] in Dwarf Fortress. Below this point, water freezes into ice, and above this point ice will melt into water. A [[biome]] that never dips below this temperature will make obtaining ice next to impossible, and a biome that never rises above this temperature will require underground storage, [[magma]], or an alternative heating method to obtain liquid water. | The freezing point of water, {{ct|10000}}, is an important, if not the most important, [[temperature]] in Dwarf Fortress. Below this point, water freezes into ice, and above this point ice will melt into water. A [[biome]] that never dips below this temperature will make obtaining ice next to impossible, and a biome that never rises above this temperature will require underground storage, [[magma]], or an alternative heating method to obtain liquid water. | ||
− | Although it is most commonly known as the freezing point of water, {{ct|10000}} is also the freezing points of standard [[blood]], ichor, goo, slime, pus, [[milk]], egg white, and egg yolk. [[Nether-cap]]s are naturally constantly at this temperature, but will cause neither water to freeze | + | Although it is most commonly known as the freezing point of water, {{ct|10000}} is also the freezing points of standard [[blood]], ichor, goo, slime, pus, [[milk]], egg white, and egg yolk. [[Nether-cap]]s are naturally constantly at this temperature, but will cause neither water to freeze or ice to melt. The temperature also acts as the condensation point of [[cave floater]] gas, at which it becomes cave floater juice. As a result of these dependencies, many [[creature]]s will die if they cannot keep their internal body temperature above the freezing point of water. |
Below this point, many machine components will not work, instead displaying "Frozen here". This includes [[screw pump]]s, [[windmill]]s, and [[minecart]] rollers. In colder environments, these machines must either be kept indoors or heated with nearby [[fire]] or [[magma]]. | Below this point, many machine components will not work, instead displaying "Frozen here". This includes [[screw pump]]s, [[windmill]]s, and [[minecart]] rollers. In colder environments, these machines must either be kept indoors or heated with nearby [[fire]] or [[magma]]. | ||
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== Properties == | == Properties == | ||
===Depth=== | ===Depth=== | ||
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Water can have a depth between 0 and 7. | Water can have a depth between 0 and 7. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| 4 | | 4 | ||
− | | | + | | Cannot path through at this level and higher. |
|- | |- | ||
| 5 | | 5 | ||
− | | | + | | Swimming trains at this level and higher. |
|- | |- | ||
| 6 | | 6 | ||
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===Sourced water=== | ===Sourced water=== | ||
− | Water that comes from | + | Water that comes from [[river]]s, [[brook]]s, [[ocean]]s, [[aquifer]]s or springs is considered to be '''sourced water'''. Any sourced water is an endless supply of water that can never run dry, although it can freeze for part or all of the year in colder biomes. |
When using sourced water you should strongly consider installing [[floodgate]]s and be aware of how [[pressure]] works or you could easily end up [[flood]]ing your fortress and having a lot more [[fun]] than anticipated. | When using sourced water you should strongly consider installing [[floodgate]]s and be aware of how [[pressure]] works or you could easily end up [[flood]]ing your fortress and having a lot more [[fun]] than anticipated. | ||
==Flow== | ==Flow== | ||
− | Water and [[magma]] are both fluids which are constantly trying to '''[[flow]]''' into adjacent tiles until they have filled all available space or until they run out of fluid. Fluids technically move in 9 directions: down, and to the sides. Fluids cannot move diagonally up or down. Fluids at a depth of 1/7 no longer attempt to move unless they can move down. Fluids under [[pressure]] can appear to travel upward until the pressure equalizes, though in reality they are moving downward and/or sideways relative to their source | + | Water and [[magma]] are both [[flow|fluids]] which are constantly trying to '''[[flow]]''' into adjacent tiles until they have filled all available space or until they run out of fluid. Fluids technically move in 9 directions: down, and to the sides. Fluids cannot move diagonally up or down. Fluids at a depth of 1/7 no longer attempt to move unless they can move down. Fluids under [[pressure]] can appear to travel upward until the pressure equalizes, though in reality they are moving downward and/or sideways relative to their source. |
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If the flow is strong enough, it can move objects such as dwarves, pets, stones, weapons or corpses. | If the flow is strong enough, it can move objects such as dwarves, pets, stones, weapons or corpses. | ||
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== Contamination == | == Contamination == | ||
− | Water can be contaminated in different | + | Water can be contaminated in different methods, both natural and artificial. This contamination can have a negative effect on the water's quality, and can even harm dwarves that ingest it. |
===Salt water=== | ===Salt water=== | ||
− | Dwarves | + | Dwarves can not use salt water directly; while healthy dwarves will usually prefer to drink [[booze]], wounded dwarves can only be given water to drink. |
To check to see if water is salty, use the {{k|i}} menu to see if the game shows the pond/pool as a water source. If the "water source (x)" is (0), then the source is salty. If not, then your dwarves will drink it. | To check to see if water is salty, use the {{k|i}} menu to see if the game shows the pond/pool as a water source. If the "water source (x)" is (0), then the source is salty. If not, then your dwarves will drink it. | ||
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A [[screw pump]] can be used to desalinate water. | A [[screw pump]] can be used to desalinate water. | ||
− | Dwarves will drink water from a well over salt water, give it to sick dwarves and use it to clean wounds. | + | Dwarves will drink water from a well over salt water, give it to sick dwarves and use it to clean wounds. You cannot designate the well as a water source, but the dwarves will still use it.{{verify}} |
=== Stagnant water === | === Stagnant water === | ||
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Water taken from a murky pool or wetlands biome will be stagnant, just as water taken from near the ocean will be salty. Dwarves get an unhappy [[thought]] if they have to drink stagnant water, and a [[doctor]] cleaning a [[wound]] with stagnant water will have an increased risk of [[Health care#Infection|infection]]. | Water taken from a murky pool or wetlands biome will be stagnant, just as water taken from near the ocean will be salty. Dwarves get an unhappy [[thought]] if they have to drink stagnant water, and a [[doctor]] cleaning a [[wound]] with stagnant water will have an increased risk of [[Health care#Infection|infection]]. | ||
− | Similar to salt water, [[pump]]ing stagnant water will make it clean. Also, if clean water touches stagnant water, it will | + | Similar to salt water, [[pump]]ing stagnant water will make it clean. Also, if clean water touches stagnant water, it will kill it. |
The game will describe stagnant water as stagnant if it was in a [[bucket]] or [[flask]]/[[waterskin]], and looking at standing or flowing water with {{K|k}} will indicate whether or not it is stagnant. | The game will describe stagnant water as stagnant if it was in a [[bucket]] or [[flask]]/[[waterskin]], and looking at standing or flowing water with {{K|k}} will indicate whether or not it is stagnant. | ||
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==Getting rid of unwanted water== | ==Getting rid of unwanted water== | ||
− | Water will flow off the edge of the map, endlessly, which is one way to get rid of large amounts of water (evaporation works better with small amounts). Underground, there are at least two ways to accomplish this. One is to channel your excess water into a | + | Water will flow off the edge of the map, endlessly, which is one way to get rid of large amounts of water (evaporation works better with small amounts). Underground, there are at least two ways to accomplish this. One is to channel your excess water into a cavern that is open to the map edge, as the water will flow out (depending on slopes, original water level and such). The other, probably easier method, is to mine to the map edge (since you cannot mine the map edge itself, just up to it), then smooth the edge and then carve [[fortification]]s into it. Water will flow through the fortifications and off the edge of the map. Make sure your exit flow is equal to or, for safety, greater than your input. One approach that may not work well is to dump your excess water into an underground lake that is open to the map edge, as such lakes have some sort of equilibrium built into them, and your excess water can cause the lake to flood. |
Draining lakes and oceans from underneath can be a finicky task, but there's a bit of dwarven magic for it: build a retractable bridge on the level beneath the sea bottom, with ramps directly underneath it. Link this to a lever to control the flow as you desire. Now evacuate the dwarves and wall off the area above the bridge. Then, with the bridge in place, designate ramps around the bridge leading up - breaking through to the sea bottom. Now how can the dwarves dig these squares out? Yep, from beneath the bridge. In this way they get the water flow started without ever getting their little feet wet. This is a great way to set up channels one square in from the map edge near a water source, so that you can properly wall off the baddies from getting into the fort. | Draining lakes and oceans from underneath can be a finicky task, but there's a bit of dwarven magic for it: build a retractable bridge on the level beneath the sea bottom, with ramps directly underneath it. Link this to a lever to control the flow as you desire. Now evacuate the dwarves and wall off the area above the bridge. Then, with the bridge in place, designate ramps around the bridge leading up - breaking through to the sea bottom. Now how can the dwarves dig these squares out? Yep, from beneath the bridge. In this way they get the water flow started without ever getting their little feet wet. This is a great way to set up channels one square in from the map edge near a water source, so that you can properly wall off the baddies from getting into the fort. | ||
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{{gamedata|{{raw|DF2012:hardcoded_materials.txt|MATERIAL|WATER}}}} | {{gamedata|{{raw|DF2012:hardcoded_materials.txt|MATERIAL|WATER}}}} | ||
{{Category|Physics}} | {{Category|Physics}} |