Editing Aquifer

{{Quality|Masterwork|15:04, 18 May 2015 (UTC)}}
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[[File:aqua_varied.png|thumb|right|158px|Area with a varied aquifer.]]An '''aquifer''' is a subterranean layer of [[water|groundwater]]-bearing rock or [[soil]]. As of {{version|0.47.01}}, there are two types of aquifers: '''light aquifer''' and '''heavy aquifer''', with light aquifers being by far the most common. Prior to this, all aquifers behaved as the "heavy" type.

Aquifers are tiles which produce water in their ''neighboring'' tiles -- north, south, east, west, and below. They do not produce water in the tile above them, nor in any diagonally-adjacent tiles. 
Aquifers cannot be drained; the groundwater is limitless, with even a single isolated tile leaking water forever. However, [[smoothing|smoothed]], mined, carved staircase, or channeled aquifer tiles no longer produce water. 

Aquifers located in [[ocean]] [[biome]]s will produce salty water; aquifers in other biomes will produce freshwater. The frequency of aquifers differs between embark locations.

If you are digging an up/down staircase in the downward direction and you hit an aquifer, the aquifer tile will be revealed as damp soil or stone and the digging job will be un-designated for that tile. If you are mining horizontally, you will similarly be warned of a "damp stone" before breaching the aquifer. If you are digging an up/down staircase in the ''upward'' direction, or a ramp, and you hit an aquifer from below, the aquifer tile will immediately start producing water in the stairwell. In the case of heavy aquifers, this can lead to a lot of [[Fun]].

== Types of aquifers ==
=== Light aquifers ===
Light aquifers are by far the most common (being ~19 out of every 20 aquifers), and produce water at a greatly diminished rate. As a result, they can easily be penetrated with minimal effort by digging out one level at a time and walling it off reasonably quickly. Light aquifers can be very useful for low-water applications such as slowly filling a cistern for wells, or feeding an atmospheric waterfall.

An open tile will receive light-aquifer water if it's directly north, south, east, west, or below a light aquifer tile. There's no diagonal transmission.

The amount of water that the open tile receives is random. On average, an open tile will receive four units of light-aquifer water per month, but that number can go as low as two, or as high as six.

If an open tile is adjacent to a single light-aquifer tile, then it receives just as much water as an open tile surrounded by light-aquifer tiles. One is all you need.

Water at level 1/7 does not evaporate on a floor of what had been a light aquifer tile. If you wish to excavate a large area within a light aquifer without painstakingly and continually walling it off, dig regular drains to an open area in a non-aquifer layer where the water can evaporate more quickly than it arrives.

Unlike heavy aquifers, light aquifer tiles do not drain away water.

Although digging through light aquifer tiles is not very dangerous, your dwarves will continuously cancel designations with the "damp stone" warning with each new tile uncovered. The player must therefore repeatedly re-designate light aquifer squares to get the dwarves to mine it, making it a tedious affair. There is no way to turn off this automatic cancellation without using external tools such as [[DFHack]]. Alternately, once all desired tiles are designated for mining, when the "damp stone" alert pauses the mining activity, simply unpause for each alert.

=== Heavy aquifers ===
Unlike light aquifers, heavy aquifers produce water almost immediately, effectively halting excavation at or below the aquifer level. This, in conjunction with the fact that they are often located in areas rich in [[loam]] and [[sand]], makes it difficult to find great quantities of [[stone]] in areas with heavy aquifers, making for more challenging gameplay.

Unmined heavy aquifer tiles also act as an infinite ''sink'' for water, just like an open map edge. A single aquifer tile can absorb any amount of [[pressure|pressurized]] water each tick, limited only by the supply. One less obvious consequence is that if an opening is made through a multi-layer aquifer, only the lowest opened layer will ever fill with water.

Empirically, heavy aquifers gain approximately 1/7 water every 14 ticks, though production has been observed to vary from 2-28 ticks. This rate does not appear to change significantly based on the number of adjacent aquifer tiles.

=== Varied aquifers ===
In addition to the heavy and light types of aquifer, DF can also display "Varied aquifer" on the pre-embark screen, which means there are some tiles with light and some tiles with heavy aquifers in the embark rectangle (also note that the biomes of neighboring tiles can "spill over" into a tile, resulting in different, unannounced, aquifers in those parts).

== Where they are found ==

Aquifers appear based on the elevation of the terrain. Low elevations - particularly those near rivers and oceans - are more prone to having an aquifer present, while locations closer to mountains are much less likely, but still possible.

Layers which '''can''' contain aquifers:
*[[sandy clay loam]]
*[[silty clay loam]]
*[[loam]]
*[[sandy loam]]
*[[silt loam]]
*[[loamy sand]]
*[[silt]]
*[[sand (tan)|sand]]
*[[yellow sand]]
*[[white sand]]
*[[black sand]]
*[[red sand]]
*[[peat]]
*[[pelagic clay]]
*[[calcareous ooze]]
*[[siliceous ooze]]
*[[sandstone]]
*[[conglomerate]]
*[[puddingstone]]
<!-- Note: only layers with the [AQUIFER] token can support aquifers. Other layers can appear directly below an aquifer and will blink "damp", but they are not actually part of the aquifer, but digging into them will still cause water to come from above. Please check the raws for the [AQUIFER] token before adding to this list. -->

Layers which '''cannot''' contain aquifers, despite their names suggesting otherwise:
*[[clay]]
*[[silty clay]]
*[[sandy clay]]
*[[clay loam]]
*[[siltstone]]
*[[mudstone]]

== Working in aquifers ==
When working in aquifers, some points to keep in mind include:

*Water on the tile where a worker is standing will cause job cancellations if it gets too high. A construction job (e.g. wall building) will be suspended by 2/7 depth, but a mining job will only be stopped by 4/7 depth of water.
* Flowing water will cause parents to drop their infants, leading to job cancellations and occasionally [[fun]].
* Aquifers do not create water in diagonal tiles, but do create water in open tiles directly below them. Therefore, you will want to dig two z-levels below the lowest aquifer layer before continuing with your fortress.

=== Probing an aquifer ===

You can discover what layer lies below an aquifer layer by digging up/down stairs into the aquifer. This will reveal the tile below the aquifer layer, and if this is non-aquifer (for example, clay, ore or bedrock) then you know the aquifer is only 1z deep at that location. This method can only be used to determine whether the aquifer is 1 layer deep, or multiple layers deep, but this is still enough information to help plan how to penetrate it. Using a pump-based method is highly recommended for multiple layer heavy aquifers.

== Dealing with heavy aquifers ==
===Going around===
If your embark site is covered by multiple biomes, there is a chance the heavy aquifer is not present in every biome.  In some maps this may be indicated by an outcropping of stone in a landscape otherwise composed of soil; in other maps the change in biome might be visible as a change in soil type, vegetation type or density.  You might be able to dig down through a biome that doesn't have a heavy aquifer, to a Z-level below the heavy aquifer, and then (if you wish) tunnel beneath the heavy aquifer to the previously -inaccessible region.

Even if all the biomes of your site contain aquifers, they might not all be at the same Z-level, so you still might be able to dig down in one biome, reaching a Z-level beneath the aquifer in another biome.

Additionally, if your biome contains deep cliffs, for instance, in the form of a river gorge, it may be possible to build a staircase down the side of the gorge past the aquifer.

=== The double slit method ===
{{Main|Double-slit method}}
This is one of the most commonly-used methods, due to its convenience and power. It was originally developed by QuantumMenace, and is also mentioned below under [[#The pump method|the pump method]].

=== The hatch trick ===
The hatch trick is a simple method for putting one or two dwarves through a single heavy aquifer layer. (This is not to be mistaken with only working for a single layer aquifer.) You can use the trick to essentially bypass the problematic final layer of a multi-layer aquifer, allowing access to the rock layers and caverns before you've put a sealed staircase through the aquifer.

First you must dig a pair of up/down stairs into the aquifer (i.e. as in twin slit), while draining one of the tiles with a screw pump, simply build a hatch on the tile (the hatch must be built on a downstairs or up/down stairs for the trick to work). Once the hatch is constructed, with the pump still operating, designate an up/down staircase under the hatch, a miner will dig the staircase out while standing 'on top' of the hatch, he can then pass through the hatch to continue digging, the hatch will let 1-2 water through with him before closing and preventing further water from following the miner. The miner is now safely under the aquifer and can dig down to the caverns or to the map edge and establish a drain, allowing you to use the much faster [[#The drainage method|drainage from below method]] to finish penetrating the aquifer. This can save a lot of time for multiple-layer aquifers where the final layer is sand. It is also quicker and cleaner than cave-in for single layer aquifers if you plan to extend a staircase straight down to the caverns anyway (making the drain essentially free).

===The ore method===
On maps where the aquifer is not held in a layer of soil, but instead is held in a [[sedimentary layer]] such as sandstone, it may be possible to tunnel down through deposits of ore such as [[magnetite]]. For this to work you have to find a spot where there is coincidentally an ore deposit on each Z-level you need to dig through.  This is only possible through tiresome trial and error, or through the use of a utility like DFHack's <tt>reveal</tt>. The trial and error method can be accomplished somewhat more easily by digging up/down stairs to reveal the layer underneath them without actually digging into the underlying layer.  This method is more complicated with aquifers located in layers of [[conglomerate]], as large clusters of [[puddingstone]] will support the aquifer and thus cannot be used to provide a path through it.

=== The "Chicken Run" technique ===
In versions of the game earlier than {{version|0.40.23}}, this term meant having a reasonably fast/skilled miner dig a set of up/down staircases faster than the water from the aquifer could fall down the stairs and block movement into the mining tile. With luck, a miner could breach the caverns this way, allowing the aquifer water to drain. After the addition of job priorities, this became impossible. Now, when a newly revealed damp tile cancels mining, the miner will revert to "No Job" status and will take a few dozen ticks to resume mining. In that time, the miner will walk away and the site will be flooded, making the tile below unreachable.

A limited but useful variant of this technique still exists. By digging downward staircases in the layer above the aquifer, those tiles can be revealed as damp, and thus will not trigger the mining cancellation. A sufficiently fast miner (Professional or so should do for soil layers, depending on agility) can then dig a stair in one of the tiles, and before that tile floods, channel out an adjacent tile. The channel will breach the layer below, and if that layer is also an aquifer, it will of course act as an infinite drain for water from above. This then opens the possibility of opening space to work in the upper layer.

While not a direct staircase in the original method, establishing a drain with just a pick is also possible with a dabbling miner. One can channel an aquifer tile from up to four ramps dug at the corners of the tile to be channeled, such that the channel priority is higher than the ramp-digging priority. Using this, one can establish drains into the next level of a soil aquifer, as digging progress accumulates in revealed tiles.

If you fail to mine fast enough, or if flowing water pushes your miner down the channeled ramp, the dwarf will usually walk up the stairs to safety, but it is possible that the miner might <s>drown</s> have fun. In stone aquifers, a legendary miner can manage with one attempt at channeling, and at minimum, a proficient miner can manage with four, though in the second case they'll risk drowning and can take weeks to dig the next channel to expand the drain.

=== Exploiting cave-ins ===
Conceptually this method involves removing the aquifer-bearing sand, soil or rock using channeling, and then dropping an island of dry sand, soil or clay into the resulting pond, a staircase can then be dug through the center of the resulting artificial island. This requires at least one natural dry layer, but is more flexible if two or more are available. An advantage of these methods is that they can be carried out by a single miner with no resources other than a pick.

This does not work with [[construction|constructed]] walls since they deconstruct on cave-in.

'''Note:''' There is a bug{{bug|1206}} that can occasionally prevent this method from working. Collapsed layers often turn into the layer type that was dug out at the level where they land (e.g. dry loam becomes dry sand). On occasion, a dry layer collapsed into an aquifer will also transform into actual aquifer tiles (e.g. dry loam becomes water-producing sand). It is unknown what triggers this behavior, but when it occurs it will be impossible to pierce the aquifer using cave-ins.

When unmined tiles collapse into a liquid, the displaced liquid teleports to sit ''on top'' of the collapsed tiles. Thus, when plugging an aquifer, it is usually advisable to incorporate aquifer drain space into the design to dispose of the displaced water.

==== Cave-in example ====
[[File:Aquifer-Plug.png|frame|none|Side view]]

*Dig stairs down to the aquifer. Dig over the aquifer layer but under your "plug". You'll need a 5x5 landmass. (Slide 2)
*Channel out the area the plug will fall into. (Slide 3)
*Leave a single floor tile on top of the plug and dig out the outer layer of your plug. The plug should be a 3x3 landmass now. The single floor tile must keep the plug from falling. (Slide 3)
*Channel out the floor tile holding up the plug. (Slides 4 & 5)
*Construct floor tiles to reach the plug and dig through the middle to get under the aquifer. (Slide 6)

==== Concentric ring method for multiple layers ====

If you build many rings inside one another in your top drop layer, you can breach multi-level aquifers with as little as 2 natural layers of dry soil above it.  Drop the rings from the outside to the inside using constructed arms to hold the center rings in place.  Once a ring drops into the water below it, pump out the water in the center and dig down another layer.  When that is complete, drop the next ring and continue the process until you are through.  Since you start dropping rings from the outside it is necessary to know how many levels deep the aquifer is before you begin.<br>
Tutorial for more than one Aquifier can be found here: [[User:Rhenaya/HowtoDualAquifer]]

==== "Chicken-Run" plug ====

This method was developed for a single-pick challenge on a hostile biome. In the specific (but common) case of a 2-Z thick soil aquifer, with two dry layers above, it is possible to very quickly penetrate the aquifer using a cave-in without breaching the surface and compromising the fort's security. The method starts with a Chicken Run (see above), after which an area of the upper aquifer level is cleared out with drainage into the lower level. The lower dry level is then collapsed, which means that the sub-surface level only needs to be mined (to release the plug) rather than collapsed as part of the plug.

The procedure is described in detail {{Forum|129994.msg4620421#msg4620421|in this and the following posts}}.

While not yet demonstrated, it should be possible to use successive cycles of chicken-running and clearing to pierce arbitrarily deep soil aquifers this way.

=== The pump method ===
The pumping method uses one or more [[screw pump|pumps]] to keep an area dry long enough to smooth or [[wall]] off the sides, stopping the flow of water.  It requires no special environment or resources, other than wood and dwarves (and patience).  Most commonly, a modestly-sized section of the aquifer layer is channeled out and several screw pumps are built facing it.  Directly behind each of the screw pumps a few tiles are channeled out to receive and dispose of the pumped water.  When the pumps are activated, they should pump water faster than the aquifer can produce it, allowing masons to smooth or build walls around your future staircase.  You ''will'' get job cancellations during this process, as stray 2/7's of water interrupt the building process.  Just unsuspend the construction when this happens, as long a dwarf manages to touch the wall before canceling, it will move incrementally toward completion and eventually finish.  Depending on the availability of screw pumps and dwarves, you may need to wall off one corner or side at a time, then move the pumps and repeat.  When drilling through more than one aquifer layer, be sure to leave yourself enough room to build additional layers of pumps and water disposal channels on lower levels. 

Things to consider: 
* The smaller your work area, the less water your dwarves will have to remove and the faster construction will finish. For a single-layer soil aquifer, you only need to mine five tiles (your stairway and walls directly North, South, East, and West of it); single-layer stone aquifers require only a single tile be channeled.
* Mechanical [[power]] may come in handy, but dwarf power works just fine and is much more portable.
* Channels can sometimes be used in place of walls, causing water produced by the aquifer on one level to immediately fall and be consumed by the aquifer on the level below.
* This method may take a while.

==== Specific pump methods in detail ====
QuantumMenace's [[double-slit method]] can pierce an aquifer of any depth using only wood and dwarven labor. Taken from [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=79224.15 this forum post].

Earlier in the same thread, Hans Lemurson laid out a very dwarfy method that can also pierce aquifers of any depth, using several pumps and machinery. [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=79224.0#msg2058307 Find it here].

A convenient method without job cancellation using a [[pump stack]] was presented by kingubu in [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=143064.0 this forum post], see [[Pump-stack_method]]

Leonidas posted a [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=169616.0 detailed procedure], copiously illustrated, for tunneling through any aquifer with limited resources and relative safety.

===The freezing method===
If you are playing in a freezing or very cold landscape, where it snows in winter and instantly freezes water on the map, you can dig out a 3x3 hole in the ground using [[channel]]s, and make it deeper and deeper until you reach the aquifer level. Once you reach the damp rock, tunnel into it with up/down staircases, then channel out the downstairs, the exposed water will turn to ice, digging the up/downstairs before channeling allows the tiles to safely fill with 7/7 water before being frozen, this avoids the hazard of miners being encased in ice and avoids a bug(?) where frozen water which is less than 7/7 deep does not produce a floor above it. The central square of the 3x3 hole should be tunnelable ice, so you can get to the rock beneath.

If your fortress is in a zone that gets warm, build walls around the inside of the hole to stop the water coming in once the ice melts. In order to build a wall around a 1x1 staircase it will be necessary to have a 5x5 hole, since you need to leave an outer ring of ice to seal the aquifer.

If the aquifer is multiple layers deep you will need to start with a sufficiently large hole to account for both an ice wall to seal the aquifer and a constructed wall to seal the ice wall for each layer of the aquifer. A pump based method might be preferable.

As an alternative to building a second wall to seal the ice wall, you can establish a drain into the caverns, and build a constructed wall when the melt comes.

===The magma/obsidian method===
If you have access to a supply of magma, you can create your own obsidian caissons. By channeling into the aquifer layer and then filling these channels with magma, or by digging staircases and pouring magma down the staircases, it is possible to create a wall of obsidian between your working area and the [[water]]-bearing rock or [[soil]]. However, changes to world generation with the last version have made this method more difficult than it once was, as it is now harder to find magma vents that extend above the aquifer level.

===The drainage method===
Having made an initial hole in the aquifer, you may wish to punch another larger hole through, say for example to grow wild strawberries in the caverns. Or you may simply want an additional (natural stone!) staircase. Once you have access from below this is much easier than digging from above, and it has the additional benefit of producing a shaft of exactly the size you want.

Locate the caverns and dig a drainage shaft of up/down stairs or downward stairs up from the caverns to the aquifer (downward stairs function as grates and are far safer than channeling). Once the drainage shaft is complete punch the shaft up through the aquifer (using up/down stairs) until you hit dry dirt. Now mine out the walls around the shaft and build constructed walls to seal the aquifer. It's even faster if the walls are dug out using down stairs instead, constructed walls can be built on the stairs and water falls straight through, thus construction can always be started and is never suspended. Always build the walls from the highest layer down, so the dwarves aren't having water dumped on them from above.

This method can be used to create arbitrarily large (and shaped) holes. Large holes, which would be impractical to dig from above, are very easy using this technique. It's also extremely useful for digging straight shafts through "layercake" aquifers where aquifer tiles and non-aquifer tiles are intermixed.

Just be very aware that your framerate is bound to suffer, if you are not fast with plugging the aquifer walls.

===The modding method===
By editing the raws and removing the [AQUIFER] tag from all of the appropriate entries in inorganic_stone_layer.txt, inorganic_stone_mineral.txt, and inorganic_stone_soil.txt it is possible to remove all aquifers from the world.  This can be done before creating a new world or after, if you find a particularly neat location ruined only by the presence of an aquifer. In order to modify an existing world, you must delete the [AQUIFER] tag from the raws in the savegame's folder.

==== With PyLNP ====
Disable aquifers in the options tab before generating a new world.  This works similarly to the command-line method below, but is usually a lot easier.

==== With DFHack ====
The DFHack command "light-aquifers-only" changes all heavy aquifers to light aquifers.

If you prefer not having to deal with aquifers at all, the DFHack command "drain-aquifer" removes the aquifer flag from all tiles in your current embark without requiring raw edits.  

If you have DFHack, this is the best method.

===== With DFHack's tiletypes command =====
DFHack's [https://github.com/DFHack/dfhack/blob/master/Readme.rst#tiletypes "tiletypes"] command lets you remove the aquifer flag from specific tiles only. This is useful if you want to keep a heavy aquifer on your map, but don't want to deal with the hassle of breaching it.

To create 4x4 aquiferless shaft, do this:
# Type "tiletypes" in DFHack to open the tiletypes tool
# Type in the following commands to set the tool's filter, paint and brush settings accordingly:
#* filter any
#* paint aqua 0
#* range 4 4
# In Dwarf Fortress, press 'k' to bring up the cursor, and move the cursor to the position you want the top left tile of your shaft to be.
# In DFHack, type "run". The aquifer will be removed in a 4x4 square below and to the right of your cursor.
# Repeat steps 3 and 4 for every aquifer layer you have. Don't worry about hitting non-aquifer tiles, they shouldn't be affected by the tool at all.

Alternatively, in step two you can provide a third number for the range. This number will represent how many Z levels deep to remove aquifers.

If you don't know how deep your aquifer is, either use the "reveal" command in DFHack to check, or just set the tiletypes range to encompass multiple z-levels. For instance, use "range 4 4 20" and use "tiletypes-here" on a tile 20 layers below the surface of your shaft.

==== Command-line (Linux/OS X) ====
Note that this prevents light aquifers as well as heavy ones!

 cd df_linux/raw/objects/
 sed -i 's/\[AQUIFER\]/(AQUIFER)/g' inorganic_stone_*.txt

and generate world.  To edit an already generated world, run the <code>sed</code> command in the <tt>df_linux/data/save/''regionNN''/raw/objects</tt> folder instead. 

OS X requires an argument to the <code>-i</code> flag, which is used as an extension to create backup files (but it can be empty):

 <pre>sed -i '' 's/\[AQUIFER\]/(AQUIFER)/g' inorganic_stone_*.txt</pre>

If you want to restore the tags later, you can do it with the command:

 sed -i 's/(AQUIFER)/[AQUIFER]/g' inorganic_stone_*.txt

==== Text editor (all operating systems) ====
You can manually perform the command-line method above.

There are three files. They can be found in two different places.

For every new world you make:
    “THE FOLDER DF IS INSTALLED IN”/raw/objects

For worlds that have already been made:
    “THE FOLDER DF IS INSTALLED IN”/data/save/“THE WORLD YOU ARE EDITING”/raw/objects

The three files you are editing are:
     inorganic_stone_layer.txt
     inorganic_stone_mineral.txt
     inorganic_stone_soil.txt

Open these in a text editior.
Open the “Find and Replace” function of your text editor.

Replace all instances of
[AQUIFER]
with 
(AQUIFER)

Later on, if you would like to reverse the process, replace (AQUIFER) with [AQUIFER].

== Benefits of aquifers ==
Aquifers can be useful for building a self-sufficient fortress, and are often indispensable for water-related [[megaprojects]] in maps without a river.

Aquifers outside [[ocean]] biomes also contain fresh water. Since aquifers are almost always located close to the surface, freshwater aquifers can easily be turned into a source of infinite, secure, non-freezing drinking water for your dwarves, eliminating the need for a [[Reservoir|cistern]]. While both of these roles can also be filled by [[Caverns|cavern]] features, an aquifer allows you to get the same advantages without exposing yourself to potentially ~~dangerous~~ Fun cavern creatures.

=== A benefit of heavy aquifers? ===
Although annoying, heavy aquifers can absorb an infinite amount of water, meaning they can function as a drain for anything above them. For instance, digging a pit in a lower Z level of the aquifer, then connecting it to a breached aquifer a level above through a channel dug a level above that will create a permanently flowing, compact, secure water/power source completely contained within the fortress.  

== Technical implementation of the aquifer version split ==

The aquifer split introduced in 0.47.01 uses the crude but effective random-appearing method of making all aquifers light unless the Drainage modulo 20 equals 7.

== Bugs ==
Some light aquifers may not appear on the embark screen.{{bug|11358}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=79224.15 QuantumMenace's two-slit method] for breaching aquifers of any depth - Illustrated guide
* [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=141600 Hatch trick] described with ascii art.
{{World}}