Editing Temperature

{{Quality|Exceptional|21:56, 12 July 2013 (UTC)}}
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''For temperature as it relates to choosing an embarkation site, see [[Climate]].''
{{buggy}}

==Temperature scale==
Temperatures in Dwarf Fortress are measured in the game's own, unnamed temperature scale, since termed "Degrees [[Main:Urist|Urist]]" by the community. Temperatures in Dwarf Fortress are stored as sixteen-bit unsigned integers, which translates into a minimum value of 0&nbsp;°U and a technical maximum of 65535&nbsp;°U (2<sup>16</sup>-1), although this is internally limited to 60000&nbsp;°U&mdash;60001&nbsp;°U is used for temperatures which have been set to {{tt|NONE}}. Floating point values are not considered, and when they appear any decimals are either sheared off or rounded away by the game. Urists are scaled logically against the Fahrenheit scale, so conversions are simple, if non-intuitive:

:{{tt|[URIST]}} = {{tt|[FAHRENHEIT]}} + 9968
::::&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{tt|[CELSIUS]}} * 9/5 + 10000
::::&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{tt|[KELVIN]}} * 9/5 + 9508.33
::::&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{tt|[RANKINE]}} + 9508.33

Some reference numbers:
{| {{prettytable}}
|- bgcolor="#ddd"
! Significance
! DF scale
! Fahrenheit
! Celsius
! Kelvin
! Rankine
|-
| [[#Boiling point|Boiling point of water]]
| 10180
| 212
| 100
| 373.15
| 671.67
|-
| [[Creature token#H|Human body temperature]]
| 10067<sup>round</sup>
| 98.6
| 36.6
| 310.15
| 558.27
|-
| [[Water#Freezing point|Freezing point of water]]
| 10000
| 32
| 0
| 273.15
| 491.67
|-
| [[wikipedia:Absolute zero|Absolute zero]]
| 9508<sup>round</sup>
| -459.67
| −273.15
| 0
| 0
|-
| Zero degrees Urist
| 0
| -9968
| -5555.<span style="text-decoration:overline">5</span>
| -5282.40<span style="text-decoration:overline">5</span>
| -9508.33
|}

Values designated with ''round'' have been rounded internally to avoid decimals: for instance, the human body temperature is technically 10066.6, but has been rounded up to {{ct|10067}} in the [[raw file|raws]]. Also interesting is the fact that temperatures in Dwarf Fortress can go ''far, far'' below absolute zero, which is physically impossible; considering Dwarf Fortress also allows [[water wheel#Perpetual motion|perpetual motion]], sometimes it's best not to ask questions.

{{Urist asks|q=I'm a modder who needs to work with temperature conversions all the time. Is there any tool I can use to lessen the amount of work involved?|a=Temperature conversions are usually only useful when [[modding]], and can be annoying to do manually; luckily a simple {{dffd|4028|temperature conversion utility}} has been created for those who find themselves having to convert a lot of temperatures to and/or from degrees Urist often.}}

Examples of some temperatures encountered in DF, the most important ones in bold:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Event / location
! Temperature
|-
| Alcohol freezes
| {{ct|09850}}
|-
| '''<span style="border-bottom: 1px #0000CC dotted;cursor:help;" title="Below this temperature fat, present on all organic creatures, will start to take cold damage, eventually killing them.">Lowest survivable temperature</span>'''
| '''{{ct|09900}}'''
|-
| Outside, freezing climate (varies)
| {{ct|09960}}
|-
| Underground, glacier ice
| {{ct|09990}}
|-
| '''Water freezes'''
| '''{{ct|10000}}'''
|-
| <span style="border-bottom: 1px #0000CC dotted;cursor:help;" title="Nether-cap temperatures are fixed to 10000 degrees Urist, regardless of the surrounding environment.">Nether-cap</span>
| {{ct|10000}}
|-
| '''Underground'''
| '''{{ct|10015}}'''
|-
| [[Creature token#H|Dwarf/human homeotherm]]
| {{ct|10067}}
|-
| Tiles next to [[magma]] ([[warm stone]])
| {{ct|10075}}
|-
| '''<span style="border-bottom: 1px #0000CC dotted;cursor:help;" title="Above this temperature fat, present on all all organic creatures, will start to melt (turning into grease), eventually killing them.">Highest survivable temperature</span>'''
| '''{{ct|10078}}'''
|-
| Outside, [[Climate#Scorching|scorching climate]] (varies)
| {{ct|10080}}
|-
| [[Water]] boils
| {{ct|10180}}
|-
| [[Fire|Ignition of organic materials]]
| {{ct|10508}}
|-
| [[Wood]] [[fire]] (max)
| {{ct|10708}}
|-
| Material is [[fire-safe]]
| {{ct|11000}}
|-
| Common stone melts (varies)
| {{ct|11500}}
|-
| [[Coal]] [[fire]] (max)
| {{ct|11640}}
|-
| '''Magma'''
| '''{{ct|12000}}'''
|-
| Material is [[magma-safe]]
| {{ct|12000}}
|-
| [[Creature]]s made of flame/fire
| {{ct|14000}}
|-
| <span style="border-bottom: 1px #0000CC dotted;cursor:help;" title="Yes, dragonfire is roughly four times hotter than the surface of the sun.">[[Dragonfire]]</span>
| {{ct|50000}}
|-
|}

==Material values==
{{Material properties}}
Temperature has important constraints on the [[material]]s in the game, and dictates a number of [[material science|material properties]] related to states of matter and heat/cold [[wear|damage]]. These are defined by [[material definition token]]s in the material [[raw file]]s, most of which use temperature as an input field:
* {{tt|[MELTING_POINT:#]}} — This is the temperature at which a liquid material will freeze, or a solid material will melt. In Dwarf Fortress the melting point and freezing point coincide exactly; this is contrary to many real-life materials, which can be supercooled.
* {{tt|[BOILING_POINT:#]}} — This is the temperature at which the material will boil or condense. Water boils at {{ct|10180}}.
* {{tt|[IGNITE_POINT:#]}} — This is the temperature at which the material will catch fire.
* {{tt|[HEATDAM_POINT:#]}} — This is the temperature above which the material will begin to take heat [[wear|damage]]. Burning items without a heat damage point (or with an exceptionally high one) will take damage very slowly, causing them to burn for a very long time (9 months and 16.8 days) before disappearing.
* {{tt|[COLDDAM_POINT:#]}} — This is the temperature below which the material will begin to take frost [[wear|damage]].
* {{tt|[SPEC_HEAT:#]}} — This determines how long it takes the material to heat up or cool down. A material with a high specific heat capacity will hold more heat and affect its surroundings more before cooling down or heating up to equilibrium. The input for this token is not temperature, but rather the [[wikipedia:Specific heat capacity|specific heat capacity]] of the material.
* {{tt|[MAT_FIXED_TEMP]}} — A material's temperature can be forced to always be a certain value via the MAT_FIXED_TEMP [[material definition token]].  The only standard material which uses this is [[nether-cap]] wood, whose temperature is always at the melting point of water.  If a material's temperature is fixed to between its cold damage point and its heat damage point, then items made from that material will never suffer cold/heat damage.  This makes nether-caps [[fire-safe]] and [[magma-safe]] despite being a type of [[wood]].<br/>Due to the way fixed temperature is handled, giving a material a fixed temperature will not cause its actual temperature to change accordingly &mdash; instead, its temperature will simply be permanently locked at whatever it was previously. Removing a material's fixed temperature, however, will cause all items made of it to heat or cool until reaching equilibrium with their surroundings. The fixed temperature of a [[container]] does affect its contents, but you can't freeze [[water]] by putting it into a [[bucket]] made from nether-cap because water will not freeze until it cools ''below'' {{ct|10000}}. The fixed temperature of an inorganic material has no effect on unmined walls made from that material, though boulders '''will''' take on that temperature as they are produced via mining.

==Temperature transfer==
Temperature transfer in DF is fairly simple - most temperature values have a whole part (in "degrees Urist") and a fraction part (which ranges from 0 to the material's SPEC_HEAT minus 1). Once per tick, the game calculates the relevant temperature difference (e.g. between the item itself and the tile in which it is located) and adds that to the fraction part, then adjusts the whole part until the fraction part is within range. For example, a piece of Lignite (which has SPEC_HEAT 409) at temperature 10015.0 (room temperature underground) exposed to Magma (temperature 12000) will heat up by 1985 fraction units, which will increase its temperature to 10019.349. In order to reach its ignition point of 11440, it would need to be in the magma for a total of 517 ticks, over 5 seconds at 100 fps.

==Bugs==
* Temperature calculations are a known cause of lag. If [[maximizing framerate]] is a concern, you can disable temperature calculations through an option in [[D init.txt]]. With temperature calculations disabled, effects such as water freezing, melting, or evaporating, or creatures and items taking temperature-related damage will not occur. 
* When temperature calculations are disabled, dwarves will refuse to set foot in a cast [[obsidian]] tile (or any other tiles previously occupied by [[magma]]).{{bug|6033}}