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Difference between revisions of "v0.31:Pressure"
(→Checker-Board Pressure Regulator: wider is NOT better for a design like this) |
(Almost total rewrite - this article was clearly written by somebody who does not understand how pressure works in DF. This article needs to be re-rated.) |
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| + | Dwarf Fortress features some pretty complex behavior in an attempt to simulate '''fluid mechanics'''. One aspect of this behavior is seen in the form of '''pressure'''. The basic idea here is quite simple - certain sources of '''{{l|flow|fluids}}''' can exert '''pressure''' during movement, causing them to potentially move ''upwards'' into other areas. | ||
| − | + | ==Summary== | |
| + | Contrary to what many people may believe, pressure is '''not''' a property of a body of liquid. Pressure is simply one of 3 rules by which liquids can be moved - the others are "falling" (when the tile beneath contains less than 7/7 of liquid) and "spreading out" (when the liquid levels of two adjacent tiles are averaged, possibly pushing items around). | ||
| + | |||
| + | The following types of liquid movement follow the rules of pressure: | ||
| + | * Water falling downward into ''more'' water | ||
| + | * {{L|River}} source tiles generating water | ||
| + | * {{L|Screw pump}}s moving water '''or''' magma | ||
| + | |||
| + | When a liquid is moved (or created) with pressure, it attempts to locate the nearest tile on the same Z-level as its destination tile (for falling water, this is 1 Z-level beneath its original location) by moving north, south, east, west, down, and up. As it tries to locate an appropriate destination, the liquid will first only try to move sideways and downward - only when this fails will it attempt to move upward. Pressure will not propagate through diagonal gaps. | ||
==A demonstration of pressure using U-Bends== | ==A demonstration of pressure using U-Bends== | ||
| − | A U-Bend is a channel that digs down, and curves back up. With '''pressure''' a {{l|flow|fluid}} will be pushed up the other side of the u-bend | + | A U-Bend is a channel that digs down, and curves back up. With '''pressure''' a {{l|flow|fluid}} will be pushed up the other side of the u-bend. By understanding how pressure works in a u-bend you should be able to adapt this knowledge to use fluids in any configuration you desire without any unexpected surprises that could make life in your fortress more '''{{l|fun}}''' than anticipated. '''{{L|Water}}''' and '''{{l|magma}}''' both behave very differently with regards to pressure, so read carefully. |
===Water in a U-Bend=== | ===Water in a U-Bend=== | ||
| − | The following three diagrams demonstrate different ways water might behave in a u-bend. In all three cases, the water source is on the left side of the diagram and water is filling the area to the right. In the first example (Diagram A), we have water taken directly from a river used to fill a u-bend. In this case, because the river is free to flow | + | The following three diagrams demonstrate different ways water might behave in a u-bend. In all three cases, the water source is on the left side of the diagram and water is filling the area to the right. In the first example (Diagram A), we have water taken directly from a (flat) river used to fill a u-bend. In this case, because the river is free to flow off the edge of the map, the only pressure comes from the water tile on the top of the left side, so the water on the right side stops one level below the river itself. |
| − | In the next example (Diagram B), a '''dam''' has been placed preventing the river from flowing off the edge of the map. | + | In the next example (Diagram B), a '''dam''' has been placed, preventing the river from flowing off the edge of the map. In this case, the river exerts its own pressure and allows the water to fill up the remaining level of the u-bend. Use caution when placing a dam on your river. |
| − | The final example (Diagram C), demonstrates how a '''{{l|pump|screw pump}}''' | + | The final example (Diagram C), demonstrates how a '''{{l|pump|screw pump}}''' exerts pressure - in this case, the water fills up to the same level as the pump's output tile. |
With these three simple examples, you should be ready to go build your enormous plumbing masterpiece, and be relatively safe from any unanticipated flooding. If you plan to work with {{l|magma}} as well however, you should read further. | With these three simple examples, you should be ready to go build your enormous plumbing masterpiece, and be relatively safe from any unanticipated flooding. If you plan to work with {{l|magma}} as well however, you should read further. | ||
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===Magma in a U-bend=== | ===Magma in a U-bend=== | ||
| − | '''{{l|Magma}}''' | + | '''{{l|Magma}}''' does not exert pressure when it falls downward. In our first magma example (Diagram A) we show how this works by creating a short u-bend and connecting it up to a magma pipe - it simply fills the lowest point and makes no further attempt to go back up. |
| − | + | In the second diagram (Diagram B) we see how with the addition of a single {{l|screw pump}}, the entire situation changes dramatically - when the screw pump moves magma to the right side, it does so using the rules of pressure and allows the area to fill up to the level of the pump. Accidentally flooding your fortress with {{l|magma}} is considerably more {{l|fun}} than a flood of {{l|water}}. | |
'''Diagram A''' '''Diagram B''' | '''Diagram A''' '''Diagram B''' | ||
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=== Lazy model === | === Lazy model === | ||
Pressure is a lazy model, but will ''always'' behave like above. For example, a system on z0 receives water from a cistern z3 in amounts of ~3/tick. This system consists of a tree of passages, one tile wide, and contains 'underpasses' on z-1. Water will flow into the system to a depth of 7 before coming up on the other side of a the first underpass, as is expected. However, if faced with ''two'' underpasses, it will choose the nearest one and fill all the system on the other side of that underpass to a depth of 7 before filling the system on the other side of the far underpass. Similarly, if faced with multiple exits from the system, the whole flow will flow out of ''one'' exit, the nearest lowest one.{{verify}} | Pressure is a lazy model, but will ''always'' behave like above. For example, a system on z0 receives water from a cistern z3 in amounts of ~3/tick. This system consists of a tree of passages, one tile wide, and contains 'underpasses' on z-1. Water will flow into the system to a depth of 7 before coming up on the other side of a the first underpass, as is expected. However, if faced with ''two'' underpasses, it will choose the nearest one and fill all the system on the other side of that underpass to a depth of 7 before filling the system on the other side of the far underpass. Similarly, if faced with multiple exits from the system, the whole flow will flow out of ''one'' exit, the nearest lowest one.{{verify}} | ||
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===Waterfalls=== | ===Waterfalls=== | ||
| − | Waterfalls are of special concern. When drawing water from a waterfall it is important to understand that | + | Waterfalls are of special concern. When drawing water from a waterfall it is important to understand that, since the water is falling '''on top of''' the river's surface, the pressure exerted when it falls down into the river will permit it to pass through U-bends that would normally not be filled when using a flat undammed river - if you tap into a river below a waterfall just as you would above it, you could very easily flood your fortress. |
==Neutralizing Pressure== | ==Neutralizing Pressure== | ||
| − | There are two methods for | + | There are two methods for neutralizing fluid pressure: diagonal connections and screw pumps. Knowing how to manipulate pressure as needed allows you to quickly move fluids wherever you wish in your fortress allowing you to build things a dwarf can be proud of. |
===Diagonal Flow=== | ===Diagonal Flow=== | ||
| − | + | Liquids moving via pressure can only move to {{L|orthogonal}}ly adjacent tiles. When faced with a diagonal gap, pressure will fail to move the liquid, forcing the liquid to instead spread out. By forcing fluids through a diagonal connection you can prevent pressure from propagating past a certain point. | |
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| − | + | This does not work on a vertical basis - water only travels straight up and down to different Z-levels, never diagonally. | |
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| − | This does not work on a vertical basis - water only travels | ||
If you wish to maintain the rate of '''{{l|flow}}''' after de-pressurizing, it's recommended that you have more diagonals than water tiles - that is, if the source is 3-tiles wide, you may wish 4 or more diagonal passages. | If you wish to maintain the rate of '''{{l|flow}}''' after de-pressurizing, it's recommended that you have more diagonals than water tiles - that is, if the source is 3-tiles wide, you may wish 4 or more diagonal passages. | ||
| − | + | '''Top View''' | |
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| − | '''Top View''' | ||
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ | ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ | ||
> > > ▒ > > > | > > > ▒ > > > | ||
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'''Side View''' <br /> | '''Side View''' <br /> | ||
| − | + | ▒≈≈≈▒ | |
| − | + | ▒≈≈≈▒ | |
| − | + | ▒≈≈≈▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ ▒ | |
| − | + | ▒≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈RRR≈≈≈≈≈≈≈▒ RRR = Regulator design as seen in top view | |
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ | ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ | ||
===Pumps=== | ===Pumps=== | ||
| − | + | Since water pressure does not propagate through pumps, it is possible to fill a pool from a "pressurized" source using a screw pump without it overflowing. Of course, there is a downside - you still have to run the pumps and due to the source water's pressure, the pump must be {{l|power}}ed instead of {{l|pump operator|run by a dwarf}}, as the tile the dwarf needs to stand on is filled by water. Furthermore, the pump will likely need to be powered from above or below (as water would simply flow around a gear or axle placed next to the pump), though creative setups are still possible by using additional screw pumps to transmit power. | |
Your vertical axles or gear assemblies need to be placed above the solid tile of the pump, and there must not be a channel over the walkable pump tile. (Water can only flow straight upward, not up and to the side at the same time.) Multiple adjacent pumps will also transfer '''power''' between themselves automatically. | Your vertical axles or gear assemblies need to be placed above the solid tile of the pump, and there must not be a channel over the walkable pump tile. (Water can only flow straight upward, not up and to the side at the same time.) Multiple adjacent pumps will also transfer '''power''' between themselves automatically. | ||
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▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒<font color="blue">▒</font>▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ _ = Floor | ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒<font color="blue">▒</font>▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ _ = Floor | ||
| − | Do note that | + | Do note that the screw pump '''will''' still exert pressure when filling the pool, but said pressure will be independent of the source and can be subsequently blocked by diagonal gaps. |
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==Hatches== | ==Hatches== | ||
| − | {{l| | + | {{l|Hatch cover|Hatches}} can be placed over {{l|channel}}s, {{l|stair}}s, {{l|ramp}}s, etc. to prevent {{l|water}} from moving vertically but will still allow the tile to be used, even as a water source (and possibly still for fishing too). |
== See Also== | == See Also== | ||
| − | :* {{l | + | :* {{l|flow}} |
:* {{l|river}} | :* {{l|river}} | ||
{{Category|Physics}} | {{Category|Physics}} | ||
Revision as of 04:13, 20 October 2011
| This article is about an older version of DF. |
Dwarf Fortress features some pretty complex behavior in an attempt to simulate fluid mechanics. One aspect of this behavior is seen in the form of pressure. The basic idea here is quite simple - certain sources of Template:L can exert pressure during movement, causing them to potentially move upwards into other areas.
Summary
Contrary to what many people may believe, pressure is not a property of a body of liquid. Pressure is simply one of 3 rules by which liquids can be moved - the others are "falling" (when the tile beneath contains less than 7/7 of liquid) and "spreading out" (when the liquid levels of two adjacent tiles are averaged, possibly pushing items around).
The following types of liquid movement follow the rules of pressure:
- Water falling downward into more water
- Template:L source tiles generating water
- Template:Ls moving water or magma
When a liquid is moved (or created) with pressure, it attempts to locate the nearest tile on the same Z-level as its destination tile (for falling water, this is 1 Z-level beneath its original location) by moving north, south, east, west, down, and up. As it tries to locate an appropriate destination, the liquid will first only try to move sideways and downward - only when this fails will it attempt to move upward. Pressure will not propagate through diagonal gaps.
A demonstration of pressure using U-Bends
A U-Bend is a channel that digs down, and curves back up. With pressure a Template:L will be pushed up the other side of the u-bend. By understanding how pressure works in a u-bend you should be able to adapt this knowledge to use fluids in any configuration you desire without any unexpected surprises that could make life in your fortress more Template:L than anticipated. Template:L and Template:L both behave very differently with regards to pressure, so read carefully.
Water in a U-Bend
The following three diagrams demonstrate different ways water might behave in a u-bend. In all three cases, the water source is on the left side of the diagram and water is filling the area to the right. In the first example (Diagram A), we have water taken directly from a (flat) river used to fill a u-bend. In this case, because the river is free to flow off the edge of the map, the only pressure comes from the water tile on the top of the left side, so the water on the right side stops one level below the river itself.
In the next example (Diagram B), a dam has been placed, preventing the river from flowing off the edge of the map. In this case, the river exerts its own pressure and allows the water to fill up the remaining level of the u-bend. Use caution when placing a dam on your river.
The final example (Diagram C), demonstrates how a Template:L exerts pressure - in this case, the water fills up to the same level as the pump's output tile.
With these three simple examples, you should be ready to go build your enormous plumbing masterpiece, and be relatively safe from any unanticipated flooding. If you plan to work with Template:L as well however, you should read further.
Diagram A Diagram B Diagram C
River Dammed River Screw Pump
Side View Side View Side View
▒≈≈≈▒ ▒≈≈≈▒≈≈≈▒ %%≈▒≈≈≈▒ %% = Template:L
▒▒▒≈▒≈≈≈▒ ▒▒▒≈▒≈≈≈▒ ▒≈≈≈▒▒≈▒≈≈≈▒ ≈ = Water
▒≈▒≈≈≈▒ ▒≈▒≈≈≈▒ ▒▒▒▒▒▒≈▒≈≈≈▒ ▒ = Solid Ground
▒≈≈≈≈≈▒ ▒≈≈≈≈≈▒ ▒≈≈≈≈≈▒
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
Magma in a U-bend
Template:L does not exert pressure when it falls downward. In our first magma example (Diagram A) we show how this works by creating a short u-bend and connecting it up to a magma pipe - it simply fills the lowest point and makes no further attempt to go back up.
In the second diagram (Diagram B) we see how with the addition of a single Template:L, the entire situation changes dramatically - when the screw pump moves magma to the right side, it does so using the rules of pressure and allows the area to fill up to the level of the pump. Accidentally flooding your fortress with Template:L is considerably more Template:L than a flood of Template:L.
Diagram A Diagram B Magma Pipe Screw Pump Side View Side View
▒≈≈≈▒ %%≈▒≈≈≈▒ %% = Template:L ▒≈≈≈▒ ▒ ▒≈≈≈▒▒≈▒≈≈≈▒ ≈ = Magma ▒≈≈≈▒ ▒ ▒≈≈≈▒▒≈▒≈≈≈▒ ▒ = Solid Ground ▒≈≈≈≈≈≈≈▒ ▒≈≈≈▒▒≈≈≈≈≈▒ ▒≈≈≈▒▒▒▒▒ ▒≈≈≈▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
Advanced Pressure
Lazy model
Pressure is a lazy model, but will always behave like above. For example, a system on z0 receives water from a cistern z3 in amounts of ~3/tick. This system consists of a tree of passages, one tile wide, and contains 'underpasses' on z-1. Water will flow into the system to a depth of 7 before coming up on the other side of a the first underpass, as is expected. However, if faced with two underpasses, it will choose the nearest one and fill all the system on the other side of that underpass to a depth of 7 before filling the system on the other side of the far underpass. Similarly, if faced with multiple exits from the system, the whole flow will flow out of one exit, the nearest lowest one.[Verify]
Waterfalls
Waterfalls are of special concern. When drawing water from a waterfall it is important to understand that, since the water is falling on top of the river's surface, the pressure exerted when it falls down into the river will permit it to pass through U-bends that would normally not be filled when using a flat undammed river - if you tap into a river below a waterfall just as you would above it, you could very easily flood your fortress.
Neutralizing Pressure
There are two methods for neutralizing fluid pressure: diagonal connections and screw pumps. Knowing how to manipulate pressure as needed allows you to quickly move fluids wherever you wish in your fortress allowing you to build things a dwarf can be proud of.
Diagonal Flow
Liquids moving via pressure can only move to Template:Lly adjacent tiles. When faced with a diagonal gap, pressure will fail to move the liquid, forcing the liquid to instead spread out. By forcing fluids through a diagonal connection you can prevent pressure from propagating past a certain point.
This does not work on a vertical basis - water only travels straight up and down to different Z-levels, never diagonally.
If you wish to maintain the rate of Template:L after de-pressurizing, it's recommended that you have more diagonals than water tiles - that is, if the source is 3-tiles wide, you may wish 4 or more diagonal passages.
Top View ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ > > > ▒ > > > 4Z Deep ▒ 1Z Deep > > > ▒ > > > ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
Side View
▒≈≈≈▒ ▒≈≈≈▒ ▒≈≈≈▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ ▒ ▒≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈RRR≈≈≈≈≈≈≈▒ RRR = Regulator design as seen in top view ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒
Pumps
Since water pressure does not propagate through pumps, it is possible to fill a pool from a "pressurized" source using a screw pump without it overflowing. Of course, there is a downside - you still have to run the pumps and due to the source water's pressure, the pump must be Template:Led instead of Template:L, as the tile the dwarf needs to stand on is filled by water. Furthermore, the pump will likely need to be powered from above or below (as water would simply flow around a gear or axle placed next to the pump), though creative setups are still possible by using additional screw pumps to transmit power.
Your vertical axles or gear assemblies need to be placed above the solid tile of the pump, and there must not be a channel over the walkable pump tile. (Water can only flow straight upward, not up and to the side at the same time.) Multiple adjacent pumps will also transfer power between themselves automatically.
Side view
Power Water Key
↓ ↓↓↓↓↓ ▒ = Normal wall
▒▒▒▒▒▒║▒▒▒▒≈≈≈≈≈ ▒ = Wall that pressurised water would flow into if it were to be dug out
▒▒▒▒▒▒║▒▒▒▒▒≈≈≈≈ ≈ = Regular water
_ ___▒║▒▒▒▒▒▒▒≈≈ ≈ = Pressurised water
▒≈≈≈≈≈%%≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈ %% = Pump
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒≈▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ ║ = Axle
▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ _ = Floor
Do note that the screw pump will still exert pressure when filling the pool, but said pressure will be independent of the source and can be subsequently blocked by diagonal gaps.
Hatches
Template:L can be placed over Template:Ls, Template:Ls, Template:Ls, etc. to prevent Template:L from moving vertically but will still allow the tile to be used, even as a water source (and possibly still for fishing too).