v0.34:Metal

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Metal is a material extracted from ore at a smelter, turning the ore into bars of pure metal. (One special metal becomes wafers instead of bars.) It is sometimes combined with other materials to form an alloy metal, which is also measured by the bar. An alloy usually improves on the properties of its components to give more uses or increased value. The metal bars resulting from smelting are used to make items such as weapons, armor, furniture, and crafts at a forge.

Smelting pure ores into the corresponding bars raises the base value from that of stone (3) to that of bars (5). This value is then multiplied against the material multiplier of the metal to give the final value for the bar.

Alloys

There are eleven pure metals in Dwarf Fortress (plus a twelfth special metal). Many of these can be mixed together to create alloys of one type or another, of which there are another fourteen. In some cases making alloys will result in an overall increase in value, or the resultant alloy will be more powerful when used to forge weapons or armor, though many alloys result in no overall increase in utility or created wealth. (These increases in value can be compared in the "Difference" column of the below table.)

There are many uses for alloys:

• Increased performance for armor or weapons.
• Increased value (particularly when a silver-bearing ore is substituted for silver)
• Stretching your supply of scarce metals.
• Creating items with distinct colors (for instance, rose gold is magenta) for furniture, color-coding rooms or levers, or artistic constructions (including floor mosaics).
• Increasing happiness or perceived room value for a dwarf who particularly likes a given alloy.
• Decreased fuel consumption if making the alloy directly from ores (e.g. bronze requires only one smelter task to make 8 bars from 2 ores).

The number of bars used to create an alloy always equals the number of bars produced: the number of bars input equals the number of bars of output. However, the number of bars produced from smelting ores is four times greater (X ores in = 4X bars out).

List of metals

Pure Metals

Metal Name	Tile Color	Source Ore(s)	Density (g/cm3)	Melting point	Material value	Value difference	Notes and Other Uses
Adamantine	≡‼3:3:1	Raw adamantine	0.200	25000 °U	300	+50	Cannot be smelted directly; must be extracted first. Can be used to forge anything except beds; Blades are 10x sharper than any other material
Aluminum	≡‼7:7:1	Native aluminum	2.70	11188 °U	40	+0
Bismuth	≡‼5:5:1	Bismuthinite	9.78	10488 °U	2	+1	Only useful for alloying into bismuth bronze
Copper	≡‼6:4:0	Native copper, Malachite, Tetrahedrite	8.93	11952 °U	2	+0, +0, -1*	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, and picks
Gold	≡‼6:6:1	Native gold	19.32	11915 °U	30	+0
Iron	≡‼0:7:1	Hematite, Limonite, Magnetite	7.85	12768 °U	10	+2	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, picks, and anvils
Lead	≡‼0:7:1	Galena	11.34	10589 °U	2	-3*
Nickel	≡‼7:3:0	Garnierite	8.80	12619 °U	2	+0
Platinum	≡‼7:7:1	Native platinum	21.40	13182 °U	40	+0
Silver	≡‼7:7:1	Native silver, Horn silver, Galena (50%), Tetrahedrite (20%)	10.49	11731 °U	10	+0, +0, +5*, +7*	Can be used to forge melee weapons and ammunition
Tin	≡‼7:3:0	Cassiterite	7.28	10417 °U	2	+0
Zinc	≡‼7:3:0	Sphalerite	7.13	10755 °U	2	+0

Legend:

• Tile Color corresponds to how items made from that metal are displayed in game, foreground and background colors.
• Source Ore(s) indicates the specific ores that can provide a metal. If production of the metal is not guaranteed, a percent chance is indicated following the ore.
• Density is used to determine the different weight of finished objects.
• Melting point is used to determine if a material is magma-safe or not: magma is 12000°U.
• Material value is what the base value of an object made of this metal is multiplied by to determine its worth.
• Value difference indicates the difference in material value between the metal and the ore, separated with commas in cases where multiple ore values differ.

* - Values marked with an asterisk denote ores that can yield multiple metals. On average, the expected difference in value from smelting tetrahedrite is +1 and galena is +2.

Alloys

(Unless specified, ores of the ingredients may be used instead of bars for alloy reactions)

Metal Name	Tile Color	Reaction	Density (g/cm3)	Melting point	Material value	Value difference	Notes and Other Uses
Billon	≡‼7:3:0	Silver + Copper	8.93	11952 °U	6	+0	Can be made with Tetrahedrite or Galena instead of Silver for increased value (Tetrahedrite + Tetrahedrite: +3, Copper ore + Tetrahedrite: +3.5, Copper ore + Galena: + 2.5, Tetrahedrite + Galena: + 2).
Bismuth bronze	≡‼6:6:1	1 Tin + 2 Copper + 1 Bismuth !	8.25	11868 °U	6	+4	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, and picks
Black bronze	≡‼5:6:0	2 Copper + 1 Silver + 1 Gold !	8.93	11952 °U	11	+0	Unique color
Brass	≡‼6:6:1	Zinc + Copper	8.55	11656 °U	7	+5	Value difference is +4.5 if Tetrahedrite is used instead of Copper
Bronze	≡‼6:4:0	Tin + Copper	8.25	11868 °U	5	+3	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, and picks. Value difference is +2.5 if Tetrahedrite is used instead of Copper
Electrum	≡‼6:6:1	Silver + Gold	8.65	11828 °U	20	+0	Can be made with Tetrahedrite or Galena instead of Silver for increased value (Gold + Tetrahedrite: +3.5, Gold + Galena: +2.5).
Fine pewter	≡‼7:7:1	3 Tin + 1 Copper	7.28	10417 °U	5	+3	Value difference is +2.75 if Tetrahedrite is used instead of Copper
Lay pewter	≡‼3:7:0	2 Tin + 1 Copper + 1 Lead !	7.28	10417 °U	3	+1	Unique color
Nickel silver	≡‼7:7:1	2 Nickel + 1 Copper + 1 Zinc !	8.65	11620 °U	3	+1
Pig iron	≡‼0:7:1	Iron + flux stone + fuel !	7.85	12106 °U	10	+0	Only used to make steel
Rose gold	≡‼5:5:1	3 Gold + 1 Copper !	19.32	11915 °U	23	+0	Unique color
Steel	≡‼0:7:1	Iron + Pig iron + flux stone + fuel !	7.85	12718 °U	30	+20	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, picks, and anvils
Sterling silver	≡‼7:7:1	3 Silver + 1 Copper !	10.49	11602 °U	8	+0
Trifle pewter	≡‼7:3:0	2 Tin + 1 Copper	7.28	10417 °U	4	+2	Value difference is +1.67 if Tetrahedrite is used instead of Copper

Legend:

• Tile Color corresponds to how items made from that metal are displayed in game, foreground and background colors.
• Reaction indicates the basic recipe for an alloy - this does not include any fuel necessary to operate the smelter. See the article for that alloy or smelting for possible alternatives.

! - You can use only bars of metal in this reaction, not ores.

• Density is used to determine the different weight of finished objects.
• Melting point is used to determine if a material is magma-safe or not: magma is 12000°U.
• Material value is what the base value of an object made of this metal is multiplied by to determine its worth.
• Value difference indicates the difference between the average value of the required bars of metals vs. the value of the resulting bars of alloy - what went in vs. what comes out, measured per bar. "+0" indicates that the resulting alloy is a perfectly average value of the component metals. Note that substituting tetrahedrite for copper ore always results in a value decrease, while substituting tetrahedrite or galena for silver ore always results in a value increase.

Weapon and armor quality

Metal	Value	Density	Impact yield	Impact fracture	Impact elasticity	Shear yield	Shear fracture	Shear elasticity	Notes
Adamantine	300	0.200	5000	5000	0	5000	5000	0	Can be used to forge anything except beds
Steel	30	7.85	1505	2520	940	430	720	215	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, picks, and anvils
Bismuth bronze	6	8.25	602	843	547	172	241	156	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, and picks
Bronze	5	8.25	602	843	547	172	241	156	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, and picks
Iron	10	7.85	542	1080	319	155	310	189	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, picks, and anvils
Copper	2	8.93	245	770	175	70	220	145	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, and picks
Silver	10	10.49	350	595	350	100	170	333	Can be used to forge melee weapons and ammunition
Platinum	40	21.4	350	700	152	100	200	164	Only available as artifact weapons.

• Combat information is used internally by the game to determine the combat properties of weapons and armor made from this metal:

Density: Used in conjunction with other factors - heavier weapons (higher numbers) hit with more force, light weapons tend to have less penetration. Value shown here is g/cm³, which is the raw value divided by 10³

Impact yield: Used for blunt-force combat; higher is better. This is the raw value divided by 10³ (i.e., kPa).

Impact fracture: Used for blunt-force combat; higher is better. This is the raw value divided by 10³ (i.e., kPa).

Impact elasticity: Used for blunt-force combat; lower is better. This is the raw value.

Shear yield: Used for cutting calculations in combat; higher is better. This is the raw value divided by 10³ (i.e., kPa).

Shear fracture: Used for cutting calculations in combat; higher is better. This is the raw value divided by 10³ (i.e., kPa).

Shear elasticity: Used for cutting calculations in combat; lower is better. This is the raw value.

• General Term Explanations (From Wikipedia)

Yield Strength - The stress at which material strain changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation, causing it to deform permanently.

Fracture Strength - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.

Stress - Force per area = F/A

Strain - Deformation of a solid due to stress = Stress/Young's Modulus

So...

Explanations!

Yield Strength is the amount of stress required to permanently deform (bend) a material (plastic deformation)

Fracture Strength is the amount of stress required to permanently break (rupture) a material

Elasticity (or IMPACT_STRAIN_AT_YIELD in RAWs) is the amount of deformation (bending) that occurs at the yield point

Implications to Dwarf Fortress Combat

Yield combined with Elasticity can tell what a material will do under stress (be it from a hammer, axe, or arrow)

Higher yield means that it takes more stress to deform

Lower elasticity means that it will deform less when stress is applied

Preliminary Combat Testing & Analysis

Adamantine and Steel take first and second place respectively, with Iron the third best material in the game. Beyond which, bronze is in a close tie with copper as to being the second worst material. As in older versions, silver continues to hold steady as the worst material available (no longer beneficial with wooden training weapons being available now) in regards to edged weaponry. Additionally, with regards to blunt weapons all of the standard materials perform respectably well, with a very slight edge towards steel and silver. Here is the thread with the details:

http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=53571.0

Keep in mind with how unbelievably complicated this system is nothing should be taken as word of law yet.

	Best	Better	Good	Fair	Poor	Terrible	Notes
Armor	Adamantine	Steel	Iron	Bronze, Bismuth Bronze	Copper
Edged Weapons	Adamantine	Steel	Iron	Bronze, Bismuth Bronze	Copper	Silver	For piercing iron armor, copper is better than bronze. For piercing copper or bronze armor, bronze is better than copper.
Ammunition	Steel, Iron, Bronze, Bismuth Bronze, Copper, Silver		Adamantine				Adamantine bolts deflect off of adamantine armor, but otherwise their performance is on par with bolts made out of other metals.
Blunt Weapons	Platinum	Steel, Silver	Copper, Bismuth Bronze, Bronze, Iron			Adamantine	All six standard weapon metals perform nearly identically. Steel has a slightly higher rate of critical wounds, while silver is slightly more likely to penetrate armor. Platinum (only available as artifact weapons) has twice the density of silver and several other improved properties, making it the best metal for impact weapons, though very limited in production.

Cross referencing this table with the table at the top of this section seems to indicate that low densities, high impact fractures, and high shear fractures contribute to the killing power of edged weapons

See also:

Some outstanding research on armor vs. different weapon types by Shinziril.

Dwarven Research: A Comparison Study on the Effectiveness of Bolts vs Armors.