An established fortress with a reasonable amount of mining can create excess stones and ores--roughly one fourth of all excavated rock tiles will produce a stone. These stones may have a detrimental effect on the functionality and aesthetics of a fortress, so stone management techniques are often used.

Problems

Loose stones can interfere with regular operation of your fortress, particularly with buildings and stockpiles. When placing a building, any loose stones will normally be moved outside of the building tiles by the constructing dwarf. However, stones that are forbidden, already associated with another task, or placed upon the construction site after the designation will cause the construction to be suspended. Loose stones located in a designated stockpile can prevent the use of the occupied tile until the stone is removed, effectively shrinking your stockpile.

Loose stones can also "hide" other content on a tile (since the game displays only a single item per tile). This can make finding specific items more difficult, and occasionally result in overlooked rotten items producing miasma and disgusting dwarves. Additionally, some players find these stones unsightly, ruining the aesthetic appeal of their fortresses.

Solutions

Dumping / Quantum Stockpiling

This method is easy and useful. However, some view it as an exploit, and it may not be allowed in future versions.

Make a zone of 1x1 or 1x2 tiles, preferably either near the stones you want to get rid of or your stone-needy workshops, and mark it as a garbage dump.
Press k and find a stone. Press d, and the stone will be marked for dumping. Alternatively, use the stocks menu (faster for mass dumping, but requires some bookkeeper labor first). You can also use d,b,d to designate mass items for dumping. You could also use a dumping macro to designate large amounts of stones at once. However, macros do not discriminate between stones and other items, so it is best to use them right after you dig out a new area. Be careful when you mark areas containing cave spider silk for dumping, as dwarves will actually come along and destroy the webs!
A dwarf with refuse-hauling enabled will take the stone to the garbage dump.
Every dumped stone will be marked as "forbidden." Use the stocks menu to globally un-forbid types of stone, or use the designation 'Reclaim Items' (d-b-c) to reclaim the entire pile. (If you want to only use specific stones, you must press k, find the pile, and press f on every stone you want on the list, using +/- to navigate through the list. Macros may come in handy when employing this method.)

Advantages:
- No matter how many stones you mark for dumping, they will all be placed on the same tiny garbage tile. Conceivably, every single stone and ore in the fortress can fit on 1 tile.
- You can use d,b,h to hide all the stone in a dump quickly.
- Dumping stone, instead of just hiding, doesn't interfere with stockpiles (unless the dump is on a stockpile).
- Placing your quantum stockpile near your mason or craftsdwarf workshop provides a convenient source of raw materials and greatly speeds up production.
Disadvantages:
- Considered by some to be an exploit.
- Anything else you dump will end up on those piles too.
- Dwarves will crawl over one another to get to a 1x1 dump.
- Requires user oversight when using several temporary dumps.
- It can take a long time to clear all the stone from an area, so you may want to be strategic about which stones you dump and hide the rest.
- Having multiple garbage dumps will cause the haulers to occasionally choose far away dump zones, spreading the stones out and making removal take longer.
- You have to claim stones for them to be used after they are dumped. d,b,c will allow you to claim an entire pile of stones quickly.
- Dumping lots of stones from several different areas can cause Dwarves to run long distances since the AI doesn't look for the closest stone. So it's best to dump stone from a single area at a time.

Stockpiling

Stone can be selectively hauled by using two linked stockpiles. The first stockpile is placed over the area to be cleared, and the second is placed over the stones' final destination. Both of these stockpiles are set to take from links only, and the stockpiles are linked so that the first stockpile feeds into the second. More than two stockpiles may be linked in this fashion.

Advantages:
- Unlike quantum stockpiling, is not generally considered an exploit.
- Uses "Stone hauling" labor (instead of "Refuse hauling" for a quantum stockpile).
- Multiple linked stockpile areas can operate simultaneously and independently without cross-contamination.
- Linking stockpiles prevents dwarves from hauling stones from all over the fortress.
- No reclamation required--stockpiled stones are readily available to your masons and crafters.
- If the stockpiles to be cleared are already in place, part of the work is already done.
Disadvantages:
- If the stockpiles to be cleared are intended for immediate use, they'll have to be linked to whichever workshop needs them.
- Temporary stockpiles have to be kept track of.
- The link status of permanent stockpiles has to be kept track of.
- Requires relatively large stockpile areas to clear stone quickly--in general, an empty destination stockpile can remove stone from an area four times as large as the stockpile.

Hiding

Extra stone lying around in out-of-the-way areas causes little problems beyond being unsightly. You can hide stones individually using k-h. You might need to scroll in the Look menu to choose the stone you wish to hide. You can hide many stones at a time by using the designate menu: choose d-b-h and then select the stone you wish to hide by mouse or rectangle.

Note that hidden items still interfere with buildings and stockpiles. Worse, buildings may be suspended for no apparent reason and stockpiles will appear to have blank tiles (since the stone is hidden), but those tiles are actually unusable. This can be troublesome when your food stockpile appears to have room but your kitchen and farms clog up with food that will rot. Or furniture cluttering up the carpentry/masonry shop due to hidden stone blocking the furniture stockpile. For this reason, it is best to use a different method to handle stones in your fortress proper.

Advantages:
- Instantaneous - no dwarf effort required.
- Trivially resolves the "ugly stone" problem.
Disadvantages:
- Doesn't actually dispose of the stone.
- Hidden stones can still cause functional problems, and prove more difficult to track down.

Using Stone

Perhaps the most "dwarfy" way to deal with excess stone is to ramp up production and use it to enrich your fortress.

Fancy Floors

You can use excess stones to construct a floor (b-C-f) on any standard floor tile. Similarly, you can construct a paved road or a bridge, with the added benefits of training your architect and providing the possibility for your dwarves to experience happy thoughts when walking across the tile.

Advantages:
- You are guaranteed to have plenty of space for flooring.
- You can get the stone back, if you need it later, by designating the floor for removal (d-n) or deconstructing the road/bridge.
- Building roads and bridges trains your architect, resulting in higher-value constructions for your fortress.
- Roads and bridges can generate happy thoughts when your dwarves walk across them--something even an engraved floor is currently unable to do.
- Bridges built over engraved floors do not destroy the engraving, maximizing room value and happiness.
Disadvantages:
- Paved floors cannot be engraved.
- Requires extensive dwarven effort (masons and/or architects) and can distract your lengendary dwarves from more important tasks.
- Roads and bridges block further construction in the tile until the road/bridge is removed.
- Getting the stone back requires additional effort, and can cause unhappy thoughts if the road/bridge happened to be a masterwork (which is near-to-impossible to determine using the game's interface).
- When removing a constructed floor over a high-value base tile (gems, ore), the floor may revert to the layer stone type^Bug:1370 (significantly reducing the value).

Furniture

Use your masons to the fullest by creating doors, hatch covers, chairs, tables, coffers, cabinets, and statues. This trains your mason's skill, and the resultant high-quality furniture has the best chance of causing happy thoughts. Low-quality furniture can be traded to caravans, used to distract/delay building destroyers, or disposed of (using an atom smasher, magma, or a simple dump zone).

Advantages:
- More high-quality furniture leads to happier dwarves.
- Increases "displayed/worn" wealth when furniture is installed (and "created wealth" upon construction).
- Trains mason skill.
Disadvantages:
- Furniture storage requires as much room as stone storage, though it is hauled faster.
- Disposing of excess low-quality furniture can take additional time (and is significantly limited by weight when trading with caravans).

Crafts

Skilled Craftsdwarves can produce large quantities of rock crafts very quickly. This trades the problem of tons of stone to the much easier problem of pounds of crafts. Crafts are far lighter, much more valuable, stackable in finished goods bins, and counted as "created items" and "created wealth" (which are used in several calculations behind-the-scenes). Stone crafts can be traded for more useful items from any caravan.

Advantages:
- Very compact storage, and great fodder for trade caravans.
- Increases "created wealth" and "created items" count.
- Trains stonecrafting skill.
Disadvantages:
- High stonecrafting skill is not extremely useful.
- Easily produces more crafts than necessary to purchase an entire caravan.

Constructions

You can also use stones (or blocks) to build large structures above ground, and floors on soil layers like sand, silt, and loam. The construction interface might be slow, but not only do you use up the stone from your excavations, you also create usable indoor space without having to mine any additional stone.

Advantages:
- Creates more usable space.
- Can qualify as a megaproject.
Disadvantages:
- Mining creates more valuable and generally safer usable space in a fraction of the time.
- Dwarves move slowly when hauling loose stone across your fortress and building constructions out of it.

Defense

Stone can provide some defense for your fortress as well. Stone-fall traps require one mechanism (which can be created from stone) and one stone. Catapults can use up stone and train siege operators, as well as providing minimal defense. With the recent falling damage updates, simply dropping a stone multiple z-levels proves quite deadly to those unlucky enough to be underneath.

Advantages:
- Provides minimal defense.
- Catapults train siege operating skill, and can be useful for cross-training military units.
Disadvantages:
- Most other traps are more effective than stone-fall traps.
- Catapults are generally ineffective against even lightly-armored foes.
- Dropping large amounts of stone on invaders requires significant micromanagement.

v0.34:Stone management

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