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Where in my area should I build my fort
Depending on your location, you have a number of approaches to where your fort can be and how you build it. Dwarf Fortress gives you quite a bit of free reign in this regard especially with the addition of z-axis, but it's important to remember that your dwarves have needs. If you expect to have a long-lived fortress, it is wise to plan ahead.
Where to build
There are some restrictions to what you can build where. It's usually obvious. You can't build on trees or boulders, usually. You can't build on rivers and streams, except you can build on a brook. Make sure you have room to build where you want.
With that said, building your fortress how you want is almost limitless. Feel free to experiment and combine the suggestions here.
In the middle
There are often good reasons not to start digging right in the middle of your site, but trying to stay away from the edge, especially on big maps, has the following advantages:
- Caravans will enter your map from different directions. This way you average out the time they need to arrive at your depot, reducing risk of them being ambushed or leaving without even trading
- Your hunters, wood cutters, plant gatherers and fisherdwarves will all have shorter distances to go, increasing efficiency
- The same - more important - applies underground: a miner who has to walk from one map border to the other to dig out some stone may well cancel that task several times to fetch food, drink or sleep. The same is even more true for the typical untrained hauler that is dispatched to collect the mined out ore or gems. Put the other way round, by starting in one corner you discourage yourself from fully exploring the other three, maybe even losing one of your earlier carefully selected stone layers.
- You have maximum space to branch out in all directions underground while still being optimally close to your entrance(s).
- Sieges arrive from the edges. If the siege arrives at the very edge where you made the enterance, fun is nearly guaranteed.
Hills
Building a fortress into a hill is probably the simplest way to get your fortress started.
If your area has any slopes or hills at all, you can mine straight into it. It doesn't have to be a tall, flat cliff; you can build into a low slope just fine. A low slope that goes up one level isn't quite as useful as a cliff that goes 3 or more levels up, but it's good enough. Try to avoid digging into a small hill though, as you may want some room to build on the first level.
By digging into a hill, your fortress' front gate is generally easier to defend. An area surrounded by cliffs can make navigation for your enemy (and you) time-consuming, but building into a wall forces your enemy to come at you head-on in one direction. In addition, you can take advantage of the natural landscape to "funnel" enemies together, or carve your own funnel-like entrance, making them easier to hit with Siege engines and marksdwarves in safer locations. Also, this works well with an entrance full of traps.
Flatlands
Building a fortress on flat land is an interesting but slightly more complicated approach.
To start, designate your dwarf to build downward stairs on the surface. Go down one level and designate upward stairs where the downward ones are. Keep doing this until you hit stone. Then mine out your fortress.
While this kind of fortress works, it takes more work to properly defend the entrance. As it is, any enemies can come at you from any direction. Without building some inside defenses, you may become victim to a siege early on.
Alternatively, you can build walls around your entrance, along with a ceiling if you want. Make sure you leave a front door open for your dwarves, or better, build a funnel with lots of traps in it. No enemy will bother breaking down a wall if there's a clear way in. They won't know it's full of stonefall traps.
Another way to restrict access to your fort is to dig a channel around your entrance and place a single bridge that you can retract. If you want to fill it with water, there are many ways: pumping from a aquifer, diverting a river, or if you're really sadistic, having your dwarves haul water in buckets. Simply add a bridge and link it to a lever. When a siege comes, call in all your dwarves and throw the lever (if you're the particularly pacifist type). This proves to be a simple, but powerful defense. For added fun, fill the moat with magma instead! There are a few potential downsides to this method, however. All expansion in the next underground level is constrained by the size of your moat. You can solve this by building a "reverse bridge" by tunneling under the channel. The other major problem is that this method does not protect against flying foes; an Undead Skeletal Giant Eagle will scoff at your moat as he mauls your poor dwarves.
Building a wall around your entrance opens up a whole new level of creativity. Feel free to make a small tower or keep, or a large castle with catapults on each level, or a stepped pyramid that reaches high into the sky, etc.
Houses, Keeps, and Castles
Instead of mining into the ground, you can make your settlement more human-like. By taking wood and stone, you can build walls and floors that resemble houses, warehouses, castles, towers, and so on. As long as it has four walls and a floor above it, you can make a room out of it. You can even use a bridge for a roof if resources are tight. This works well on flat lands, but you can do this pretty much anywhere, building towers jutting out of mountainsides or fortresses ringing a volcanic peak.
Annoying Obstacles
Be on the lookout for these features in your area - probably the most annoying features to deal with when making your fortress, and can be avoided just by paying attention to your biome, usually.
Pools
These things are just about everywhere, except in scorching or freezing climates. They are not a threat really, just annoying. A murky pool may hinder your designs if you build too close to them. As far as mining is concerned, they only go down one level, so it's fairly easy to dig underneath them (though any digging designations directly beneath the pool will be cancelled the first few times you place them). Same goes for rivers and brooks and the like.
Aquifers
An aquifer will haunt you, anger you, and make wise cracks about your mama. See its description on how to deal with or avoid them.
Creatures
Don't build on an area that might have dangerous [[creatures] - the worst kinds are elephants and giant eagles. Don't even think about building in haunted or sinister areas and the like, unless you think you're up for the challenge. Look up your biome, then compare them against the creatures list to see what you might be up against.