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xTATTEREDx · +FINE+ · *SUPERIOR* · ≡EXCEPTIONAL≡ · ☼MASTERWORK☼

v50.14 · v0.47 · v0.34 · v0.31.25 · v0.28 · v0.23

This article is about an older version of DF.

More Info · V

A section of the cavern has collapsed!

A cave-in is when walls, floors, and objects plummet downwards to lower Z-levels under the influence of gravity. A cave-in will occur if constructions or ground tiles are detached from all support (bridges do not support constructions). Since it is only a placeholder, the system is highly unrealistic—you can hold up a giant megafortress by a slender pillar of soap. Toady One has stated he intends to implement more realistic cave-ins in future versions.

Cave-ins can be disabled through the init file, by changing [CAVEINS:YES] to [CAVEINS:NO].

How cave-ins work[edit]

Any disconnected construction or section of rock or soil will cave in. The game checks for connections along the X, Y, and Z axes (that's left/right, up/down, and above/below). Any construction, even Stairs (natural or constructed), and supports (naturally) provide support/connections. Upstairs will provide support for the z-level above even if there is no downstairs above, acting as an invisible floor. Diagonal connections and bridges do not provide support.

Note that supports and fortifications, but not statues, create an invisible floor on the level above them. No dwarf can enter the invisible floor, but it will hold an area attached to the floor tiles in four directions alongside it or the constructed/natural wall above it.

Results of a cave-in[edit]

Any creature caught directly underneath (on the same tile underneath) a cave-in is killed, the only exception being Ghosts.
Any item caught under a cave-in is destroyed completely, unless the item is a stone boulder (i.e. not including ice), a rough gem, a corpse (but not a severed body part), or an artifact.
Anything standing on the area that caves in falls and may get away with being stunned. The fall victim has a chance of being unable to walk away, somewhat proportional to the distance fallen but not set in stone. No Pun intended.
A large amount of dust is generated. Any creature caught by the dust from the collapse is knocked unconscious and can be thrown a few tiles, which may cause them to fall off, say, a narrow bridge fifty z-levels above the ground. Dwarves will receive an unhappy thought from choking on dust clouds (which won't matter if they're dead).
All buildings and non-wall constructions under the falling area are destroyed. Buildings above the cave-in will deconstruct if they are no longer supported.
Natural terrain will remain intact during the cave-in; the only effect is they are revealed. ^[Verify]
Constructions will deconstruct when they collide with solid terrain.
Any terrain crashes through multiple floors, and stops only upon reaching solid ground, a constructed wall, or a support. Natural terrain piles up and constructions deconstruct.
Mined stairs and ramps will settle like unmined rock; Stairs that fall down onto previously empty floors will reveal the level below. If there's rock or a floor above them, it'll cover the stairs.
Anything falling into a fluid sinks to the bottom. Therefore, it is not a good idea to punch a skylight into your meeting area if you forgot that e.g. your gem pile was directly below and you had a magma tube three Z levels afterwards... you get the idea.
Any water displaced by falling natural walls is not destroyed, but displaced upwards(!) to directly on top of the fallen walls.
Soil walls tend to turn into a different soil type when they fall into a stone layer.
Magma mist will be generated in all tiles of magma that were in the path of the cave-in.
Any mined minerals or stone in the area directly under the cave-in will be forced out from under the cave-in.

Avoiding cave-ins[edit]

Do not make unconnected sections of rock.

Actually, you're quite unlikely to cause cave-ins unless you are actively trying to cause them. In which case, you'd be wondering how to avoid cave-ins that cause damage to your folks. That's simple: Add a support under the stone mass, and link it to a distant lever. When you're done, hide everyone, pull the lever and watch the fireworks. If you're feeling lazier, use statues to keep dwarves off the wrong squares. Provided they move directly away from the cave-in area, the dust may not catch them - and they don't blunder off edges and die unless the dust catches them.

One of the more common accidental cave-ins results when you're taking out the floor in a checker-pattern (dwarves channeling may sometimes tend to make this mistake) and the area below isn't supported, resulting in a situation like the diagram below:

Floor -1
▒▒▒▒▒▒
▒    ▒
▒ X +▒ <-- The X is a floor tile. It's not attached, so it will fall down.
▒  +>▒
▒    ▒
▒▒▒▒▒▒

Floor -2
▒▒▒▒▒▒
▒....▒
▒...▒▒ <-- Causing this area to receive a cave-in flow and knocking out any dwarves in its reach.
▒...<▒
▒....▒
▒▒▒▒▒▒

Another thing to watch out for is if you want to dig away a hill above ground, to make room for your fancy overground fort. You may dig away the hill on one level, and then have a huge platform of "floor" on the z-level above that falls on your miner if they get disconnected from the ground. Easy thing to miss the first time you do it.

The solution here is to dig ramps instead, since these take away both the soil on the level you are digging on and the floor on the level above. This is not foolproof, however, as trees will prevent the floor it's on from being removed, resulting a free-hanging floor when you carve the ramp around it. In addition, ramps do not provide support for other tiles on the higher z-level; depending upon the order they are constructed, cave-ins may still occur.

Using cave-ins[edit]

Intentional cave-ins serve several purposes:

Defense
Use cave-ins to block off water approaches to underground cavern levels. Combined with walls higher up, a cavern can (with great effort) be rendered completely safe from all intruding vermin.¹
Death
Since a cave-in kills all creatures instantly, it can provide a convenient or amusing way to off a group of creatures. This is also one of the most effective ways of dealing with titans and forgotten beasts with dangerous syndromes, especially airborne contaminants (deadly dust/vapors) and poisonous blood. For certain randomly generated creatures, they may be so indestructible that a cave-in is the only way to kill them. Also, it's a great way to 'spare' an 'injured' dwarf who likes 'laying' a bed all to himself.
Removal of floor tiles
Causing a cave-in will destroy non-reinforced (no wall or support underneath) floor tiles directly underneath the falling terrain - this is a good way to e.g. hollow out a large area. All that's left to do is a little bit of cleanup on the edges, but look at all the channeling you save yourself!
Breaking through multiple aquifer levels
Showcase with two levels: User:Rhenaya/HowtoDualAquifer
Trapping [TRAPAVOID] creatures:
Since the dust from a cave-in can knock creatures unconscious, and any unconscious creature triggers a trap (including your dwarves and other friendly creatures), combine a cave-in with nearby cage traps for the capture. Note that this is only useful for kobolds and gremlins, as all other creatures which avoid traps are also immune to being knocked unconscious.
Moving Water / Magma faster than Pump Stacks
Main article: Magma piston

Caving-in the toplevel/terrain from inside[edit]

You can cause terrain above you to cave in without going outside by first mining up stairs below the "borderline" you want to channel, channel the tiles above them, and removing the stairs afterwards. The tiles above the up stairs can be mined from below while standing on the stair, so you don't have to go outside. Ramps would also work for that alone, but the ramps would allow enemies to enter, whereas the up-stairs alone do not allow passage to above as there is no corresponding down-stair above them.

¹Not literal vermin, those won't be blocked.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{av}}
+{{quality|Fine|21:06, 6 October 2010 (UTC)}}{{av}}
-{{Quality|Exceptional}}
+:''A section of the cavern has collapsed!''
-A '''cave-in''' is when walls, floors, and objects plummet downwards to lower [[Z-axis|Z-levels]] under the influence of [[gravity]]. A cave-in will occur if constructions or ground tiles are detached from all support (bridges do not support constructions). Since it is only a placeholder, the system is highly unrealistic&mdash;you can hold up a giant megafortress by a slender pillar of soap . [[Toady One]] has stated he intends to implement more realistic cave-ins in future versions.
+A '''cave-in''' is when walls, floors, and objects plummet downwards to lower [[Z-axis|Z-levels]] under the influence of [[gravity]]. A cave-in will occur if constructions or ground tiles are detached from all support (bridges do not support constructions). Since it is only a placeholder, the system is highly unrealistic&mdash;you can hold up a giant megafortress by a slender pillar of soap. [[Main:Toady One|Toady One]] has stated he intends to implement more realistic cave-ins in future versions.
 Cave-ins can be disabled through the [[Technical tricks|init]] file, by changing [CAVEINS:YES] to [CAVEINS:NO].
@@ Line 7: / Line 8: @@
 == How cave-ins work ==
-Any ''disconnected'' {{L|construction}} or section of {{L|rock}} or {{L|soil}} will cave in. The game checks for connections along the X, Y, and Z axes (that's left/right, up/down, and high/low). Any construction, even {{L|Stair}}s, and {{L|support}}s (duh) provide support, that is, 'connect'. '''Diagonal connections and {{L|bridge}}s do not.'''
+Any ''disconnected'' [[construction]] or section of [[rock]] or [[soil]] will cave in. The game checks for connections along the X, Y, and Z axes (that's left/right, up/down, and above/below). Any construction, even [[Stair]]s (natural or constructed), and [[support]]s (naturally) provide support/connections. [[Stairs|Upstairs]] will provide support for the z-level above even if there is no downstairs above, acting as an invisible floor. '''Diagonal connections and [[bridge]]s do not provide support.'''
+Note that supports and fortifications, but '''not''' [[statue]]s, create an invisible floor on the level above them.  No dwarf can enter the invisible floor, but it will hold an area attached to the floor tiles in four directions alongside it or the constructed/natural wall above it.
 == Results of a cave-in ==
-* Any [[creature]] caught under or on top of the falling material is crushed and <s>undoubtedly</s> badly injured or killed.
+* Any [[creature]] caught directly underneath (on the same tile underneath) a cave-in is killed, the only exception being [[Ghost]]s.
-* Any item caught under falling natural walls is destroyed completely. Natural floors and constructed walls and floors have a small chance of destroying items.{{verify}}
+* Any item caught under a cave-in is destroyed completely, unless the item is a stone [[boulder]] (i.e. not including [[ice]]), a rough [[gem]], a [[corpse]] (but not a severed body part), or an [[artifact]].
 * Anything standing on the area that caves in falls and may get away with being stunned. The fall victim has a chance of being unable to walk away, somewhat proportional to the distance fallen but not set in stone. <s>No</s> Pun intended.
-* A large amount of dust is generated. Any creature caught by the dust from the collapse is knocked [[unconscious]] and thrown a few tiles, which may cause them to fall off, say, a narrow bridge fifty z-levels above the ground. Your dwarfs will receive an unhappy thought from choking on dust clouds.
+* A large amount of dust is generated. Any creature caught by the dust from the collapse is knocked [[unconscious]] and can be thrown a few tiles, which may cause them to fall off, say, a narrow bridge fifty z-levels above the ground. Dwarves will receive an unhappy thought from choking on dust clouds (which won't matter if they're dead).
 * All [[building]]s and non-wall [[construction]]s under the falling area are destroyed. Buildings above the cave-in will deconstruct if they are no longer supported.
 * Natural terrain will remain intact during the cave-in; the only effect is they are revealed. {{verify}}
-* Constructions will deconstruct when they collide with solid terrain. {{verify}}
+* Constructions will deconstruct when they collide with solid terrain.
-* Any terrain crashes through multiple [[floor]]s, and stops only upon reaching solid ground or a constructed wall, where natural terrain piles up and constructions deconstruct.
+* Any terrain crashes through multiple [[floor]]s, and stops only upon reaching solid ground, a constructed wall, or a support. Natural terrain piles up and constructions deconstruct.
-* Mined stairs and [[ramp]]s will settle like unmined rock; Stairs down that fall onto previously empty [[floor]]s will reveal the level below. If there's rock or floor above them, it'll cover the stairs.
+* Mined stairs and [[ramp]]s will settle like unmined rock; Stairs that fall down onto previously empty [[floor]]s will reveal the level below. If there's rock or a floor above them, it'll cover the stairs.
-* Anything falling into a fluid sinks to the bottom {{verify}}. Therefore, it is not a good idea to punch a skylight into your meeting area if you forgot that e.g. your [[gem]] pile was directly below and you had a [[magma]] tube three Z levels afterward... you get the idea.
+* Anything falling into a fluid sinks to the bottom. Therefore, it is not a good idea to punch a skylight into your meeting area if you forgot that e.g. your [[gem]] pile was directly below and you had a [[magma]] tube three Z levels afterwards... you get the idea.
-* Any water displaced by falling natural walls is not destroyed, but displaced upwards(!) to directly on top of the fallen walls. {{verify}}
+* Any water displaced by falling natural walls is not destroyed, but displaced upwards(!) to directly on top of the fallen walls.
 * Soil walls tend to turn into a different soil type when they fall into a stone layer.
-* {{L|Magma mist}} will be generated in all tiles of magma that were in the path of the cave-in.
+* [[Magma mist]] will be generated in all tiles of magma that were in the path of the cave-in.
+* Any mined minerals or stone in the area directly under the cave-in will be forced out from under the cave-in.
 == Avoiding cave-ins ==
@@ Line 29: / Line 33: @@
 Do not make unconnected sections of rock.
-Actually, you're quite unlikely to cause cave-ins unless you are actively trying to cause them. In which case, you'd be wondering how to avoid cave-ins that ''cause damage'' to your folks. That's simple: Add a [[support]] under the stone mass, and link it to a distant [[lever]]. When you're done, hide everyone, pull the lever and watch the fireworks.
+Actually, you're quite unlikely to cause cave-ins unless you are actively trying to cause them. In which case, you'd be wondering how to avoid cave-ins that ''cause damage'' to your folks. That's simple: Add a [[support]] under the stone mass, and link it to a distant [[lever]]. When you're done, hide everyone, pull the lever and watch the fireworks.  If you're feeling lazier, use statues to keep dwarves off the wrong squares.  Provided they move directly away from the cave-in area, the dust may not catch them - and they don't blunder off edges and die unless the dust catches them.
 One of the more common accidental cave-ins results when you're taking out the floor in a checker-pattern (dwarves [[channel]]ing may sometimes tend to make this mistake) and the area below isn't supported, resulting in a situation like the diagram below:
@@ Line 55: / Line 59: @@
 == Using cave-ins ==
 Intentional cave-ins serve several purposes:
+* '''Defense'''
+*: Use cave-ins to block off water approaches to underground cavern levels.  Combined with walls higher up, a cavern can (with great effort) be rendered completely safe from all intruding vermin.<sup>1</sup>
 * '''Death'''
-*: Since a cave-in kills all [[creatures]] instantly, it can provide a {{L|Unfortunate accident|convenient}} or amusing way to off a group of creatures.  This is also one of the most effective ways of dealing with a bug in which many [[megabeast]]s/[[forgotten beast]]s are unkillable by normal means. {{version|0.31.03}}
+*: Since a cave-in kills all [[creatures]] instantly, it can provide a [[Unfortunate accident|convenient]] or amusing way to off a group of creatures.  This is also one of the most effective ways of dealing with [[titan]]s and [[forgotten beast]]s with dangerous [[syndrome]]s, especially airborne contaminants (deadly dust/vapors) and poisonous blood. For certain randomly generated creatures, they may be so indestructible that a cave-in is the ''only'' way to kill them. Also, it's a great way to 'spare' an [[Wound|'injured']] dwarf who likes 'laying' a bed all to [[Noble|himself.]]
 * '''Removal of floor tiles'''
 *: Causing a cave-in will destroy non-reinforced (no wall or support underneath) floor tiles directly underneath the falling terrain - this is a good way to e.g. hollow out a large area. All that's left to do is a little bit of cleanup on the edges, but look at all the channeling you save yourself!
-* '''Destroying items'''
+* '''Breaking through multiple aquifer levels'''
-*: Elven siege left behind a bunch of worthless wooden weapons? Got some fire imp fat in your butcher's shop? Need an amusing way to off your stone? Smash it with a cave-in and you'll never see it again. {{verify}}
-* '''Breaking through multiple aquifer levels''' {{verify}}
 *: Showcase with two levels: [[User:Rhenaya/HowtoDualAquifer]]
-* '''Trapping [TRAPAVOID] creatures'''
+* '''Trapping [TRAPAVOID] creatures:'''
-*: Since the dust from a cave in knocks out creatures, and any unconscious creature triggers a trap {{verify}} (This includes your dwarves and other friendly creatures), combine a cave in with cage traps for the capture.
+*: Since the dust from a cave-in can knock creatures unconscious, and any unconscious creature triggers a trap (including your dwarves and other friendly creatures), combine a cave-in with nearby cage traps for the capture. Note that this is only useful for kobolds and gremlins, as all other creatures which avoid traps are also immune to being knocked unconscious.
+* '''Moving Water / Magma faster than [[Pump Stack]]s'''
+*: Main article: [[Magma piston]]
 === Caving-in the toplevel/terrain from inside ===
-You can cause terrain above you to cave in without going outside by first mining up stairs below the "borderline" you want to channel, and then channeling the tiles above them.
+You can cause terrain above you to cave in without going outside by first mining up stairs below the "borderline" you want to channel, channel the tiles above them, and removing the stairs afterwards.
 The tiles above the up stairs can be mined from below while standing on the stair, so you don't have to go outside. Ramps would also work for that alone, but the ramps would allow enemies to enter, whereas the up-stairs alone do not allow passage to above as there is no corresponding down-stair above them.
+<sup>1</sup>Not literal vermin, those won't be blocked.
 {{Category|Physics}}
 {{buildings}}