Metal

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Metal is a material extracted from ore at a smelter, turning the ore into bars of pure metal. (One special metal becomes wafers instead of bars.) The metal bars resulting from smelting are used to make items such as weapons, armor, furniture, and crafts at a forge.

Metals may sometimes be combined to form an alloy metal (see below), which is also measured by the bar. An alloy usually improves on the properties of its components to give more uses or increased value.

Smelting pure ores into the corresponding bars raises the base value from that of stone (3) to that of bars (5). This value is then multiplied against the material multiplier of the metal to give the final value for the bar.

Alloys

There are eleven pure metals in Dwarf Fortress, plus a twelfth special metal, many of which can be mixed together to create another fourteen alloys of one type or another. In some cases, making alloys will result in an overall increase in value, or the resultant alloy will be more powerful when used to forge weapons or armor, though many alloys result in no overall increase in utility or created wealth. (These increases in value can be compared in the "Difference" column of the table below.)

There are many uses for alloys:

• Increased performance for armor or weapons.
• Increased value (particularly when a silver-bearing ore is substituted for silver)
• Stretching your supply of scarce metals.
• Creating items with distinct colors (for instance, rose gold is magenta) for furniture, color-coding rooms or levers, or artistic constructions (including floor mosaics).
• Increasing happiness or perceived room value for a dwarf who particularly likes a given alloy.
• Decreased fuel consumption if making the alloy directly from ores (e.g. bronze requires only one smelter task to make 8 bars from 2 stones of ore).

The number of bars used to create an alloy always equals the number of bars produced: the number of bars input equals the number of bars of output. However, the number of bars produced from smelting ores is four times greater (X ores in = 4X bars out).

List of metals

Pure metals

Metal Name	Tile Color		Source Ore(s)	Density (g/cm3)	Melting point	Material value	Value difference	Notes and Other Uses
	(ASCII)	(Tileset)
Aluminum	≡‼7:7:1		Native aluminum	2.70	11188 °U	40	+0
Bismuth	≡‼5:5:1		Bismuthinite	9.78	10488 °U	2	+1	Only useful for alloying into bismuth bronze
Copper	≡‼6:4:0		Native copper, Malachite, Tetrahedrite	8.93	11952 °U	2	+0, +0, -1*	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, and picks
Gold	≡‼6:6:1		Native gold	19.32	11915 °U	30	+0
Iron	≡‼0:7:1		Hematite, Limonite, Magnetite	7.85	12768 °U	10	+2	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, picks, and anvils
Lead	≡‼0:7:1		Galena	11.34	10589 °U	2	-3*
Nickel	≡‼7:3:0		Garnierite	8.80	12619 °U	2	+0
Platinum	≡‼7:7:1		Native platinum	21.40	13182 °U	40	+0
Silver	≡‼7:7:1		Native silver, Horn silver, Galena (50%), Tetrahedrite (20%)	10.49	11731 °U	10	+0, +0, +5*, +7*	Can be used to forge melee weapons and ammunition
Tin	≡‼7:3:0		Cassiterite	7.28	10417 °U	2	+0
Zinc	≡‼7:3:0		Sphalerite	7.13	10755 °U	2	+0

Legend:

• Tile Color corresponds to how items made from that metal are displayed in game, foreground and background colors.
• Source Ore(s) indicates the specific ores that can provide a metal. If production of the metal is not guaranteed, a percent chance is indicated following the ore.
• Density is used to determine the different weight of finished objects.
• Melting point is used to determine if a material is magma-safe or not: magma is 12000°U.
• Material value is what the base value of an object made of this metal is multiplied by to determine its worth.
• Value difference indicates the difference in material value between the metal and the ore, separated with commas in cases where multiple ore values differ. Also keep in mind that multiple bars are produced for each ore boulder smelted, increasing the value difference even further.

* - Values marked with an asterisk denote ores that can yield multiple metals. On average, the expected difference in value from smelting tetrahedrite is +1 and galena is +2.

Alloys

(Unless specified, ores of the ingredients may be used instead of bars for alloy reactions)

Metal Name	Tile Color (ascii)	Tile Color (tileset)	Reaction	Density (g/cm3)	Melting point	Material value	Value difference	Notes and Other Uses
Billon	≡‼7:3:0		Silver + Copper	8.93	11952 °U	6	+0	see note 1)
Bismuth bronze	≡‼6:6:1		1 Tin + 2 Copper + 1 Bismuth*	8.25	11868 °U	6	+4	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, and picks. Combat relevant stats are identical to standard Bronze
Black bronze	≡‼5:6:0		2 Copper + 1 Silver + 1 Gold*	8.93	11952 °U	11	+0	Unique color
Brass	≡‼6:6:1		Zinc + Copper	8.55	11656 °U	7	+5	Value difference is +4.5 if tetrahedrite is used instead of copper
Bronze	≡‼6:4:0		Tin + Copper	8.25	11868 °U	5	+3	Value difference is +2.5 if tetrahedrite is used instead of copper. Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, and picks
Electrum	≡‼6:6:1		Silver + Gold	14.905	11828 °U	20	+0	see note 2)
Fine pewter	≡‼7:7:1		3 Tin + 1 Copper	7.28	10417 °U	5	+3	Value difference is +2.75 if tetrahedrite is used instead of copper
Lay pewter	≡‼3:7:0		2 Tin + 1 Copper + 1 Lead*	7.28	10417 °U	3	+1	Unique color
Nickel silver	≡‼7:7:1		2 Nickel + 1 Copper + 1 Zinc*	8.65	11620 °U	3	+1
Pig iron	≡‼0:7:1		Iron + flux stone + fuel*	7.85	12106 °U	10	+0	Only used to make steel
Rose gold	≡‼5:5:1		3 Gold + 1 Copper*	19.32	11915 °U	23	+0	Unique color
Steel	≡‼7:3:0		Iron + Pig iron + flux stone + fuel*	7.85	12718 °U	30	+20	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, picks, and anvils
Sterling silver	≡‼7:7:1		3 Silver + 1 Copper*	10.49	11602 °U	8	+0
Trifle pewter	≡‼7:3:0		2 Tin + 1 Copper	7.28	10417 °U	4	+2	Value difference is +1.67 if tetrahedrite is used instead of copper

Notes

1) Billon can be made with tetrahedrite or galena ore (instead of silver bars) for increased value: (Copper ore + Tetrahedrite: +3.5; Tetrahedrite + Tetrahedrite: +3; Copper ore + Galena: + 2.5; Tetrahedrite + Galena: + 2).

2) Electrum can be made with tetrahedrite or galena ore (instead of silver bars) for increased value: (Gold + Tetrahedrite: +3.5; Gold + Galena: +2.5).

Legend:

• Tile Color corresponds to how items made from that metal are displayed in game, foreground and background colors.
• Reaction indicates the basic recipe for an alloy - this does not include any fuel necessary to operate the smelter. See the article for that alloy or smelting for possible alternatives.

* - You can use only bars of metal in this reaction, not ores.

• Density is used to determine the different weight of finished objects.
• Melting point is used to determine if a material is magma-safe or not: magma is 12000°U.
• Material value is what the base value of an object made of this metal is multiplied by to determine its worth.
• Value difference indicates the difference between the average value of the required bars of metals vs. the value of the resulting bars of alloy - what went in vs. what comes out, measured per bar. "+0" indicates that the resulting alloy is a perfectly average value of the component metals. Note that substituting tetrahedrite for copper ore always results in a value decrease, while substituting tetrahedrite or galena for silver bars always results in a value increase.

Special metals

This article or section contains minor spoilers. You may want to avoid reading it.

Metal Name	Tile Color		Source Ore(s)	Density (g/cm3)	Melting point	Material value	Value difference	Notes and Other Uses
	(ASCII)	(Tileset)
Adamantine	≡‼		Raw adamantine	0.200	25000 °U	300	+50	(see below)
Divine metal	≡‼		none	1	none	300		(see below)

Adamantine * cannot be smelted directly, and must be extracted first.

• Can be used to forge anything except beds
• Blades are 10× sharper than standard metals, which when combined with its very high shear fracture/yield makes it more than 100x as effective as steel for bladed weapons
• Too light to make effective blunt weapons despite nearly unsurpassed yield and fracture values.

Divine metal has procedurally generated (i.e. semi-random) names associated with deities.

• Blades are 1.2× sharper than standard metals
• Low density makes it worse than all conventional metals for blunt, although it's still better than adamantine
• Overall stats make it stronger than steel but weaker than adamantine.

Weapon and armor quality

Metal	Value	Density	Impact yield	Impact fracture	Impact elasticity	Shear yield	Shear fracture	Shear elasticity	Notes
Adamantine	300	0.200	5000	5000	0	5000	5000	0	Can be used to forge anything except beds
Divine metal	300	1.0	1000	2000	0	1000	2000	0	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, picks, and anvils
Steel	30	7.85	1505	2520	940	430	720	215	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, picks, and anvils
Bismuth bronze	6	8.25	602	843	547	172	241	156	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, and picks
Bronze	5	8.25	602	843	547	172	241	156	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, and picks
Iron	10	7.85	542	1080	319	155	310	189	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, picks, and anvils
Copper	2	8.93	245	770	175	70	220	145	Can be used to forge all weapons, armor, ammunition, and picks
Silver	10	10.49	350	595	350	100	170	333	Can be used to forge melee weapons and ammunition
Platinum	40	21.4	350	700	152	100	200	164	Only available as artifact weapons.

• Combat information is used internally by the game to determine the combat properties of weapons and armor made from this metal:

  Density: Used in conjunction with other factors - heavier weapons (higher numbers) hit with more force, light weapons tend to have less penetration. Denser armor absorbs more force from being transmitted through it as well, though low elasticity is much more reliable protection. Value shown here is g/cm³, which is the raw value divided by 10³

  Impact yield: Used for blunt-force combat; higher is better for weapons, but lower is better for armor. This is the raw value divided by 10³ (i.e., kPa).

  Impact fracture: Used for blunt-force combat; higher is better. This is the raw value divided by 10³ (i.e., kPa).

  Impact elasticity: Used for blunt-force combat; lower is better. This is the raw value.

  Shear yield: Used for cutting calculations in combat; higher is better. This is the raw value divided by 10³ (i.e., kPa).

  Shear fracture: Used for cutting calculations in combat; higher is better. This is the raw value divided by 10³ (i.e., kPa).

  Shear elasticity: Used for armor protection vs cutting weapons in combat; lower is better. This is the raw value.

• General Term Explanations (From Wikipedia)

  Yield Strength - The stress at which material strain changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation, causing it to deform permanently.

  Fracture Strength - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.

  Stress - Force per area = F/A

  Strain - Deformation of a solid due to stress = Stress/Young's Modulus

So...

Explanations!

Yield Strength is the amount of stress required to permanently deform (bend) a material (plastic deformation)

Fracture Strength is the amount of stress required to permanently break (rupture) a material

Elasticity (or IMPACT_STRAIN_AT_YIELD in RAWs) is the amount of deformation (bending) that occurs at the yield point, in parts-per-100,000

Implications to Dwarf Fortress Combat

Yield combined with Elasticity can tell what a material will do under stress (be it from a hammer, axe, or arrow)

Higher yield means that it takes more stress to deform

Lower elasticity means that it will deform less when stress is applied

Preliminary combat testing and analysis

For edged weapons and armour, adamantine and steel take first and a very distant second place respectively, with iron the third best material in the game. Beyond this, bronze is in a close tie with copper as the second worst material. As in older versions, silver continues to hold steady as the worst material available (no longer beneficial with wooden training weapons being available now) in regards to edged weaponry.

For blunt weapons, all of the standard materials (so, not adamantine or divine metal) perform respectably well, with a very slight edge towards steel and silver. Here is the thread with the details:

http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=53571.0

Keep in mind how unbelievably complicated this system is; nothing here should be taken as word of law. These results also ignore the impact of the weight of equipment on your dwarves. Dwarves, especially weak ones without high Armor User skill, will move much more slowly when wearing heavy armor and carrying heavy weapons and ammunition. This may be a more important consideration than a marginal improvement in protection.

	Best	Better	Good	Fair	Poor	Terrible	Notes
Armor	Adamantine	Divine metal, Steel	Iron, Bronze, Bismuth Bronze		Copper
Edged Weapons	Adamantine	Divine metal, Steel	Iron	Bronze, Bismuth Bronze	Copper	Silver	For piercing iron armor, copper is better than bronze. For piercing copper or bronze armor, bronze is better than copper. Adamantine is over 20x as good as divine metal, and is the only metal that can reliably cut through armor even for slashing attacks.
Ammunition	Steel, Divine metal	Adamantine	Iron	Bronze, Bismuth Bronze, Copper	Silver		Adamantine bolts deflect off of adamantine armor due to their low momentum, but this is an unusual circumstance. Density does not matter for bolts above 1.333 g/cm3, which all ordinary metals exceed at least 5-fold.
Blunt Weapons	Platinum (artifact only)	Steel, Silver	Copper, Bismuth Bronze, Bronze	Iron	Divine metal	Adamantine	All six standard weapon metals perform nearly identically. Steel has a slightly higher rate of critical wounds, while silver is slightly more likely to penetrate armor. Platinum (only available as artifact weapons) has twice the density of silver and several other improved properties, making it the best metal for impact weapons, though very limited in production.

Cross referencing this table with the table at the top of this section seems to indicate that low densities, high impact fractures, and high shear fractures contribute to the killing power of edged weapons

Different types of pure metals.

See also

• Some outstanding research on armor vs. different weapon types by Shinziril.
• Bolt material analysis (old research is outdated now that ^Bug:5516 is fixed).

"Metal" in other Languages Dwarven: kel Elven: lethi Goblin: snusm Human: rigu

V · T · E Materials
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Plant	Fiber (Paper • Slurry) • Flower • Fruit • Leaf • Oil • Plant powders (Dye • Flour • Sugar) • Seed (Press cake) • Wood
Creature/Plant	Alcohol • Cloth/Thread • Extract (Golden salve • Gnomeblight • Honey • Royal jelly • Syrup • Venom) • Glob • Liquids • Soap
Inorganic	Metal • Milk of lime • Soil (Clay • Sand) • Stone (Ash glaze • Earthenware • Gem • Gypsum plaster • Porcelain • Quicklime • Stoneware • Tin glaze)
Hardcoded	Amber • Ash • Coral • Filth • Fuel • Glass • Grime • Ice • Lye • Magma • Mud • Pearlash • Potash • Salt • Unknown substance • Vomit • Water
See also: Material science